This glossary is made to help students understand important words used in Pure and Applied Sciences. It gives simple definitions for words from subjects like biology, chemistry, physics, and math. I made it to make these words easier to learn and remember. It can be used as a helpful tool when studying.
Angular velocity
Noun
Angular velocity is a measure of how fast an object rotates or spins around a center point or axis.
Example: The circumferential velocity is equal to the radius times the ANGULAR VELOCITY.
fr: Vitesse angulaire
Covalent bond
Noun
A covalent bond is a chemical link where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Example: This precursor then undergoes autocatalytic cleavage, which involves the molecule catalysing the breakage of a COVALENT BOND within its own primary structure.
fr: Liaison covalente
Enthalpy
Noun
Enthalpy is a thermodynamic property that measures the total heat content of a system at a constant pressure.
Example: The underpinning message from the Ebmeyer results is that empirical molecular mechanical calculations can yield almost as good results as high level DFT calculations, and as such it would be prudent to use them instead of time consuming computer resource intensive DFT methods for ENTHALPY calculations.
fr: Enthalpie
Frequency
Noun
Frequency means how often a repeating event or a wave happens within a specific period of time.
Example: A new drive, periodic, asymmetrical, net zero average AC current signal at around 1Hz FREQUENCY has been tried to prevent bubble generation while producing non-zero average voltage and thus a net lateral motion.
fr: Fréquence
Homeostasis
Noun
Homeostasis is any self-regulating process by which a living organism maintains a stable internal environment despite changes in the outside world.
Example: Electrolyte balance is necessary to maintain HOMEOSTASIS but can only be achieved when electrolyte gains and losses are equal.
fr: Homéostasie
Magnetic field
Noun
A magnetic field is an invisible region of space around a magnet, electric current, or moving charged particle where magnetic forces are exerted.
Example: A plasma subsystem will be used to measure interactions of the solar wind with the planetary MAGNETIC FIELD and interplanetary plasma resonance.
fr: Champ magnétique
Meiosis
Noun
Meiosis is a special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four genetically distinct haploid sex cells (gametes like sperm and eggs) from a single diploid parent cell.
Example: Eukaryotes reproduce sexually by crossing genetic material with another cell in a process called MEIOSIS, this allows for more rapid evolution as each offspring is genetically different to its parents.
fr: Méiose
Mitosis
Noun
Mitosis is a type of cell division where one single cell copies its genetic material and splits into two identical new cells.
Example: The deleted part will lack a centromere and so will be lost in MITOSIS.
fr: Mitose
Momentum
Noun
Momentum is the strength or force that allows a moving object, process, or idea to keep going and grow stronger over time.
Example: For example, if you know the exact position of a particle, the uncertainty principle states that it is impossible to define the MOMENTUM with the same amount of certainty.
fr: Élan
Refraction
Noun
Refraction is the bending or change in direction of a wave as it passes from one transparent material into another.
Example: Ultrasound Physics and Instrumentation, Hedrick, Hykes and Starchman, Mosby 1995 1.1.1 Longitudinal and shear bulk ultrasound waves A longitudinal pulse can be converted into shear waves can be produced by means of reflection and REFRACTION, as figure 2 shows.
fr: Réfraction
Resonance
Noun
Resonance means the amplification of a system's vibration when exposed to an external force matching its natural frequency, or a deep, meaningful emotional connection.
Example: It is stated in section 2.5 that the values of the harmonic frequencies appeared to be different depending on whether the frequency was being increased or decreased in the vicinity of the RESONANCE, and that it was decided to obtain all of the results by decreasing the local frequency.
fr: Résonance
Semiconductor
Noun
A semiconductor is a material with electrical conductivity that falls between that of a conductor (like copper) and an insulator (like glass).
Example: The resistance in the leads was negligible compared to the resistance in the SEMICONDUCTOR.
fr: Semi-conducteur
Thermodynamics
Noun
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics and chemistry that studies the relationships between heat, work, temperature, and energy.
Example: Around the same time a German scientist, Max Plank, was investigating the unification of electrodynamics and THERMODYNAMICS, in particular he was studying blackbody radiation, there were already two known equations to explain two parts of the radiation, but they were independent of each other.
fr: Thermodynamique
Transcription
Noun
The cellular process where a cell makes an RNA copy of a DNA sequence.
Example: Co-activators are the link between the DNA bound receptor and the general TRANSCRIPTION factors (1). The co-activators associated with the ERα include the CBP p300 component, the function of which is to modify the structure of chromatin, in preparation for TRANSCRIPTION.
fr: Transcription
Vector
Noun
A vector is a quantity or entity that has both a size (magnitude) and a direction.
Example: Mathematicians have chosen the anticlockwise rotation of a VECTOR to be positive.
