A photogrammetric technique that calculates the 3D positions (XYZ) and orientation of aerial photos, creating a precise link between image coordinates and a defined ground datum.
bathymetry
The measurement of depth of water in oceans, seas, or lakes.
cadastral operations
Legal and technical surveying procedures that modify, define, or register property boundaries within an official land registry system.
centroid
The geometric center, or "average position," of all points within a two-dimensional shape, often serving as its balance point or center of gravity.
echosounders
A device for determining the depth of the seabed or detecting objects in water by measuring the time taken for sound echoes to return to the listener.
GIS
A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technology framework used to capture, manage, analyze, and map all types of data by connecting it to a specific location.
GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System, a broad term for satellite constellations providing global positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) signals to receivers, allowing them to determine precise locations.
implantation
Is the process of translating engineering designs, construction plans, or geospatial data from maps and blueprints onto the actual physical ground.
LiDAR
A remote sensing technology that uses rapid laser pulses to measure precise distances to objects and terrain.
photogrammetry
The science of creating accurate 3D models and measurements from 2D photographs.
spatial planning
A public-sector, interdisciplinary process that organizes land use and development across various scales, from local to national.
subdivision
An area of land divided into plots for sale.
tachometers
An instrument which measures the working speed of an engine (especially in a road vehicle), typically in revolutions per minute.
topological validation
The process of verifying that spatial data (points, lines, polygons) adheres to predefined geometric rules to ensure spatial integrity.
total station
An advanced electronic/optical surveying instrument combining an electronic theodolite (for vertical and horizontal angles) with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to measure slope distances to points.