Hi, my name is Anabelle and I study Social Science in the Justice field of study. In that field it can be difficult to learn some subjects because there’s some words where we don’t know the exact definition. I’m making this glossary about 20 terms we commonly hear in this field of study.
advocate
noun
A person who pleads on someone else's behalf.
Example: The skills and autonomy of the modern nurse have engendered a move into the role of patient ADVOCATE, alongside other skilled professionals such as physiotherapists and occupational therapists.
fr: avocat
bail
noun
The temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money be lodged to guarantee their appearance in court.
Example: Alternatively, central authorities such as the US Federal Reserve have avoided imposing limits on members by pledging not to BAIL out member states as a credible deterrence against fiscal laxity.
fr: caution
crime
noun
An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
Example: One of the most common arguments in recent years has been that '...witchcraft was sex-related but not a sex-specific CRIME'.
fr: crime
culture
noun
The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.
Example: Their customs and CULTURE are part of the rich heritage of our country.
fr: culture
discrimination
noun
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.
Example: Nevertheless, he also considered the possibility of a breach of Art 8(1) and directed his speech towards the elimination of any possibility for a breach of Art 14, in other words, why retention was objectively justified against DISCRIMINATION.
fr: discrimination
distributive justice
noun
Distributive justice is a philosophical concept that seeks to address the fairness of resource allocation within a society, aiming to bridge the gap between the wealthy and those who are less fortunate.
Example: There cannot be a central power in order for DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE to exist in a society.
fr: justice distributive
duty
noun
A moral or legal obligation; a responsibility.
Example: It involves DUTY, breach of that DUTY, causation, and damage which together forms any successful claim.
fr: devoir
equity
noun
The quality of being fair and just, especially in a way that takes account of and seeks to address existing inequalities.
Example: The difference is that it is the latter, which are frequently at the core of an individual's perceptions when he comes to assessing his perceptions of EQUITY.
fr: équité
judge
noun
A public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law.
Example: Then follows this evidence put forward in front of a JUDGE jury who will ultimately decide whether they agree beyond reasonable doubt that the alleged offender committed the crime and thus how they should be punished.
fr: juge
justice
noun
The quality of being fair and reasonable.
Example: She fights for the JUSTICE of civilisation, rather than the personal glory and respect that Creon is so desperate for.
fr: justice
law
noun
The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Example: News presenter Fiona reports that the internet has been finally forced to shut down internationally by LAW.
fr: loi
legal
adjective
Permitted by law.
Example: As a result, she became ill with gastro-enteritis and took LEGAL action against the manufacturer of the product.
fr: légal
mental health
noun
A state of psychological, emotional, and social well-being that influences how individuals think, feel, act, and cope with life’s challenges.
Example: From a systems theory perspective, we would be looking for patterns of behaviour or events and considering the impact that these could have on the client's current and future MENTAL HEALTH.
fr: santé mentale
politic
noun
The process of making decisions for a group, figuring out who gets what resources (like money, power, or services), and managing disagreements about how society should run, often involving governments, leaders, and the competition for power.
Example: Fundamentally, early modern England perceived it as their duty to provide welfare and work for the poor, this notion of a paternalistic society deriving from the prevailing belief in the body POLITIC.
fr: politique
procedural justice
noun
The idea of fairness in the processes that resolve disputes and allocate resources.
Example: For decades, our research has demonstrated that PROCEDURAL JUSTICE is critical for building trust and increasing the legitimacy of law enforcement authorities within communities.
fr: justice procédurale
production
noun
The action of making or manufacturing from components or raw materials, or the process of being so manufactured.
Example: China has a long history of agricultural PRODUCTION.
fr: production
restorative justice
noun
A system of criminal justice which focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliation with victims and the community at large.
Example: Thanks to RESTORATIVE JUSTICE, it ended with the kindness of strangers.
fr: justice réparatrice
retributive justice
noun
A theory of punishment focused on proportional, backward-looking retribution, where offenders receive penalties equal in severity to their crime.
Example: He cautioned that RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE would not heal the nation's wounds.
fr: justice rétributive
social
adjective
Relating to society or its organization.
Example: At the same time, men and women tend to have markedly different SOCIAL and economic roles in the village and thus different knowledge, perceptions and priorities.
fr: social
society
noun
The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
Example: I shall, firstly, talk about each element individually, discussing it in a relatable Western context and then, secondly, show how the idea can be applied to another SOCIETY- Bunyoro, an area of western Uganda.
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