This glossary is created for my Social Science program in the Justice, Culture and Society field. It contains all the important concepts in my program. These term makes it easier for me to understand better my program and the meaning of it.
accountability
noun
The fact or condition of being accountable; responsibility.
Example: Shevardnadze's speeches as Foreign Minister (until his unexpected resignation in December 1990) showed a similar concern for openness, consultation and democratic ACCOUNTABILITY.
fr: responsabilité
bias
noun
Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.
Example: Perhaps in the light of the somewhat narrow academic BIAS outlined by this cream of police studentship, it is just as well the college was not allocated the task of collating and circulating research to chief officers!
fr: biais
citizenship
noun
The position or status of being a citizen of a particular country, state, or commonwealth.
Example: Contributors also agree on another point: that public expenditure and public services based on principles of universalism and CITIZENSHIP for all are central to any real programme.
fr: citoyenneté
constitution
noun
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
Example: The 1922 CONSTITUTION approved by Britain was considered a model of libertarian democracy.
fr: constitution
crime
noun
An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
Example: This thinking is the mental pulse which registers the single prenatal life of his CRIME and his punishment.
fr: crime
culture
noun
The customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group.
Example: In particular, they believed that a top-down business model of leadership coupled with a weak academic CULTURE to be the most significant threats to academic freedom.
fr: culture
democracy
noun
A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
Example: Campaign for a modern and fair DEMOCRACY.
fr: démocratie
discrimination
noun
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of ethnicity, age, sex, or disability.
Example: But oppression, not DISCRIMINATION, is the primary concept for naming groups-related injustice. So affirmative action policies need not be seen as an exception to the principle of non-DISCRIMINATION.
fr: discrimination
equality
noun
The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities.
Example: It is true that the constitution was explicit in recognizing important personal rights in Article 40: EQUALITY before the law, the non - recognition of nobility privileges, defence of person and property, liberty, no detention without trial, freedom of speech and assembly.
fr: égalité
governments
noun
The governing body of a nation, state, or community.
Example: Indeed, States and GOVERNMENTS realize that the returns should be taken more seriously in publicly supported infrasture projects.
fr: gouvernement
human rights
noun
A right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person.
Example: A few students were arrested and there was little chance of their being treated with the "HUMAN RIGHTS" demanded during the December demonstrations.
fr: droit humain
inequality
noun
Difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc.; lack of equality.
Example: Inequality of conversational opportunity has been uncovered in a number of areas.
fr: inégalité
justice
noun
A judge or magistrate, in particular a judge of the Supreme Court of a country or state.
Example: The Quakers anticipated results from the claim that abolition was required by "JUSTICE and humanity, but is also consistent with sound policy".
fr: justice
justice system
noun
A justice system is the network of agencies, institutions, and legal personnel—primarily police, courts, and corrections—responsible for enforcing laws, resolving disputes, and upholding the rule of law.
Example: Perhaps not surprisingly, no criminal JUSTICE SYSTEM was able to take on such gross violations of widely - held sentiments of retributive justice.
fr: système judiciaire
law
noun
The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Example: The first of these incidents occurred with the attempt to introduce a LAW on adoption.
fr: loi
power
noun
The ability to do something or act in a particular way, especially as a faculty or quality.
Example: Jones, Gallois, Callan, and Barker (1994, 1995) examine accommodation not in opposition to POWER but as a differently-derived variety of POWER, more closely resembling Fairclough's covert POWER.
fr: pouvoir
punishment
noun
The infliction or imposition of a restriction, financial penalty, form of suffering, or other undesired consequence for an offense.
Example: Punishment examples include adding something unpleasant (positive punishment) like scolding, extra chores, detention, or fines, or removing something desirable (negative punishment) like taking away screen time, grounding, or losing privileges, all designed to decrease unwanted behavior in children, students, or adults, ranging from verbal reprimands to imprisonment in legal contexts, though many focus on teaching/rehabilitation now.
fr: punition
social norm
noun
The informal, unwritten rules, beliefs, and shared expectations that guide appropriate behavior within a specific group or society.
Example: In order to understand the force of this SOCIAL NORM, it is necessary to look beyond social presentation.
fr: norme sociale
socialization
noun
The activity of mixing socially with others.
Example: SOCIALIZATION within the family is manifested in subtle cues of things said and things not said, of facial expressions and gestures which arise in the course of day - to - day living within the same dwelling.
fr: socialisation
society
noun
The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
Example: This study of eighteen adults of African-American and Jewish-American heritage explores how biracial subjects of two minority parents negotiates mixed race heritage and identity in a SOCIETY that maintains a hostile attitude toward interracial unions.
