Hello everyone! My name is Khadija El Younsi. I am currently studying Social Science program, I have developed a strong interest in criminology, a field that explores the consequences, the cause and prevention of crime. This glossary is designed to provide a better comprehension of words related to criminology. These words will help you understand and give you a better idea about criminology concepts. Finally, I think that understanding criminology is crucial for multiple reasons.
alibi
noun
the defense by an accused person of having been elsewhere at the time an alleged offense was committed.
Example: She has an alibi for the whole of yesterday evening.
en: alibi
allegation
noun
A claim or assertion that someone has done something illegal or wrong, typically one made without proof.
Example: He definition of a fact has been given a wide discretion, in Milford Potter LJ suggested that a fact is a "particular truth known by actual observation or authentic testimony, as opposed to what is merely inferred, or to a conjecture or to fiction."Thus in rather complicated definition a fact is not simply a matter of what has happened and yet is not a speculative explanation or an ALLEGATION but is an asserted fact or explanation for ones behaviour.
en: allégation
attorney
noun
A person appointed to act for another in business or legal matters.
Example: However, if James is not found to have sufficient standing, he may still be able to seek redress for the public law wrong he has suffered by using the relator procedure, with the ATTORNEY-General as the nominal plaintiff.
en: avocat
bail
noun
He temporary release of an accused person awaiting trial, sometimes on condition that a sum of money be lodged to guarantee their appearance in court.
Example: The experience of the collapse of macroeconomic stability and skyrocketing unemployment provoked by the IMF's conditionality for providing BAIL-out money, brought about the disillusionment of the necessity of institutionalization of intra-regional monetary cooperation.
en: caution
blackmail
noun
The action, treated as a criminal offense, of demanding payment or another benefit from someone in return for not revealing compromising or damaging information about them.
Example: The accord, 'under which North Korea froze its major nuclear weapons programs and promised ultimately to undo whatever nuclear weapons progress it had made', was widely condemned as 'giving in to North Korean BLACKMAIL'.
en: chantage
corruption
noun
Dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power, typically involving bribery.
Example: These include discussions regarding property rights and private ownership coupled with reform of legal, financial and governmental institutions (1996 From Plan to Market ); issues of governance and CORRUPTION.
en: corruption
delinquent
noun
(typically of a young person or that person's behavior) showing or characterized by a tendency to commit crime, particularly minor crime.
Example: Therefore, the less serious 'DELINQUENT' act, more likely to be committed by girls, eg running away from home, are considered differently.
en: délinquant
DNA
noun
A self-replicating material that is present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
Example: More recently non-coding regions or introns that have remarkable homology to bacterial DNA have been found in nuclear DNA as so called 'junk DNA'.
en: ADN
gunshot
noun
A shot fired from a gun.
Example: Its use in forensics is vast as paints, paper, drugs, and fibres plus explosive and GUNSHOT residues all fall under these categories so can be analysed using the technique.
en: coup de feu
homicide
noun
The killing of one person by another.
Example: He was charged with homicide.
en: homicide
investigate
verb
Carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of (an incident, allegation, etc.) so as to establish the truth.
Example: Timber was said to be difficult to INVESTIGATE 'because of disturbances from later stone buildings' and in most cases there is nothing but 'the odd post-hole or slot been found'.
en: enquêter
jail
noun
A place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime.
Example: Honouring the work of the TRC , April 2003, Many, however, are of the opinion that "...justice was traded for truth, ... releasing hundreds of perpetrators (who applied for amnesty and met the criteria) from potential prosecution or the JAIL sentences they were then serving for political crimes.".
en: prison
murdered
verb
Kill (someone) unlawfully and with premeditation.
Example: It is in contributing towards the removal of the evil tyrant who had suppressed the freedom of the French people, David seems to suggest, that Lepelletier has been MURDERED, and thus he makes the ultimate sacrifice to uphold the Revolution.
en: assassiné
robbery
noun
The action of taking property unlawfully from a person or place by force or threat of force.
Example: If however, they committed the two acts simultaneously, and were subsequently convicted of ROBBERY, their maximum sentence would be life.
en: vol
smuggling
noun
He illegal movement of goods into or out of a country.
Example: Cocaine smuggling has increased alarmingly.
en: contrebande
spy
noun
A person who secretly collects and reports information on the activities, movements, and plans of an enemy or competitor.
Example: Oakhill and Garnham suggest that 'context is more important for ambiguous words', for example, 'bug' could refer to an insect or a SPY surveillance.
en: espionner
stab
verb
(of a person) thrust a knife or other pointed weapon into (someone) so as to wound or kill.
Example: Her knowledge of Felicity's violent nature would not necessarily mean she foresaw that her accomplice would STAB a seemingly harmless ruler into the eye of a victim; after all, the rulers were there to scare their victims, not blind them.
en: poignarder
terrorism
noun
The unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
Example: IHL and International Human Rights Law. It is a sign that TERRORISM represents a black hole in IHL since these breaches cannot be repaired.
en: terrorisme
testimony
noun
A formal written or spoken statement, especially one given in a court of law.
Example: He definition of a fact has been given a wide discretion, in Milford Potter LJ suggested that a fact is a "particular truth known by actual observation or authentic TESTIMONY, as opposed to what is merely inferred, or to a conjecture or to fiction.
en: témoignage
trial
noun
A formal examination of evidence before a judge, and typically before a jury, in order to decide guilt in a case of criminal or civil proceedings.
Example: One article, entitled 'An investigation into the immediate impact of breathlessness management on the breathless patient: randomized controlled TRIAL'
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