This glossary contains the words and concepts that are used in the profession of criminologist.
Alibi
Noun
A claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a criminal one, is alleged to have taken place.
Example: Karol points out that it was the same meeting of the Central Committee (on 11 July) which both endorsed Khrushchev's announcement on 9 July of virtually unlimited economic aid to Cuba and approved his decision to withdraw all Soviet economic aid from China, and argues that the Cuban affair gave Khrushchevan unexpected internationalist alibi' for his anti - Maoist campaign (Karol: 1971, p. 204).
fr: Alibi
Cognition
Noun
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example: It appears unduly insistent on the primacy on top of certain conceptual connections between cognition and language.
fr: Cognition
Crime
Noun
An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law.
Example: The findings in this study suggest that the public may be misinformed about the level of violent crime and sentencing of violent offenders.
Participants' attitudes to violent crime and sentencing of violent offenders were of a retributive nature.
They believed that harsher penalties were the solution to reducing the level of violent crime in New Zealand.
fr: Crime
Drugs
Noun
A medicine or other substance which has a physiological effect when ingested or otherwise introduced into the body.
Example: The authorities warned young people about the "unhealthy winds" blowing in through the open door, such as sexual promiscuity, pornography and prostitution, homosexuality, alcohol abuse and drugs.
fr: Drogues
Environment
Noun
The surroundings or conditions in which a person, animal, or plant lives or operates.
Example: The successful management of change is an increasingly important managerial responsibility and new ideas and innovations shouldn't be perceived as threats by Hoopoe staff, to minimize this communication is key as well as creating an environment of trust and shared commitment and involving all staff in decisions which affect them is very important.
fr: Environnement
Guilty
Adjective
Culpable of or responsible for a specified wrongdoing.
Example: The law recognizes, through various defence doctrines and through the instruction to prosecutorial authorities to refrain from prosecution in certain cases where formally a person is guilty, that disobedience to law is sometimes justified.
fr: Coupable
Illegal
Adjective
Contrary to or forbidden by law, especially criminal law.
Example: The high court decision, announced at the end of December in that year, found on behalf of SPUC and declared such counseling by the Dublin Well-Woman Centre and the Open Line counseling service to be illegal and ordered them to cease their public information service on the issue by 12 January 1987.
fr: Illégal
Judge
Noun
A public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law.
Example: It seems that he was only proved guilty on one count of perverting the actual course of justice, but even so, the practice of a judge receiving presents at all made perversion more likely, and Bacon's ingenious distinctions may be thought to differentiate between degrees of corruption rather than between guilt and innocence.
fr: Juge
Law
Noun
The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Example: This has particular importance as South Australia, which was founded in 1836, was without a resident convict population, and the colony was established two years after the introduction of the New Poor law in England.
This law saw the widespread institutionalization of the poor.
The thesis provides an overview of English Poor law history with particular attention being focused on sources of information about the workhouses: their design, layout, and stated purpose.
fr: Loi
Lawyer
Noun
A person who practices or studies law; an attorney or a counselor
Example: John Dickenson, a lawyer from Pennsylvania, wrote that the Suspending Act was "unconstitutional and warned residents of other colonies that it might serve as a precedent for a similar assault upon their legislative rights.
fr: Avocat
Mental disorder
Adjective and noun
Mental disorders (or mental illnesses) are conditions that affect your thinking, feeling, mood, and behavior. They may be occasional or long-lasting (chronic). They can affect your ability to relate to others and function each day.
Example: Admission under these sections, in brief, may be made when a person is suffering from a mental disorder, and such admission is in the interests of the person's (defined as patient) own health or safety or for the protection of other people.
fr: Désordre mental
Police
Noun
The civil force of a national or local government, responsible for the prevention and detection of crime and the maintenance of public order.
Example: Employment patterns, which followed the routes of enforced segregation in favor of protestants - for they controlled the greatest part of the job market and especially the major industrial enterprises and the entire government sector of civil servants and police - were even reinforced by the system of job references provided by the parish priests and catholic notables.
fr: Police
Prison
Noun
A building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial.
Example: Prison finds him longing to feel contrite, to feel he deserves his punishment, but only able to believe he has committed "a simple blunder which might have happened to anybody.
fr: Prison
Psychology
Noun
The scientific study of the human mind and its functions, especially those affecting behavior in a given context.
Example: Different types of training between people trained in the related mental health fields were found to be significant when measuring their knowledge level of applicable laws in the treatment of individuals in the psychology field.
fr: Psychologie
Psychosis
Noun
The word psychosis is used to describe conditions that affect the mind, where there has been some loss of contact with reality. When someone becomes ill in this way it is called a psychotic episode.
Example: Some space will be devoted later to this question, drawing on various lines of research and some current theories about the causes and underlying mechanisms of psychosis.
Suffice it to say here that the centerpiece of that part of our discussion will be the idea that normality and psychosis are essentially continuous with each other and that healthy varieties of thinking style and the disposition to psychotic breakdown substantially overlap, indeed may be identical.
fr: Psychose
Rehabilitation
Noun
The action of restoring someone to health or normal life through training and therapy after imprisonment, addiction, or illness.
Example: This also demonstrates the rehabilitation expenditure and incidence in North Side neighborhoods and census tracts.
Understandably, this follows government program allocation (in some cases the program will have funded the rehabilitation work), but there is also a correlation with prior revitalization experience.
fr: Réhabilitation
Statistic
Noun
A fact or piece of data from a study of a large quantity of numerical data.
Example: One theory for this statistic is that women tend to report more illnesses because adopting the sick role is more socially acceptable and therefore more common.
fr: Statistique
Trauma
Noun
A deeply distressing or disturbing experience.
Example: The trauma captured in splitting is that one isn't there; the same trauma that castration comes to symbolize is that one is incomplete; the trauma that can be lived over and over again in the endless by - ways of life's failures and imperfections.
fr: Traumatisme
Victim
Noun
A person harmed, injured, or killed as a result of a crime, accident, or other event or action.
Example: Both men and women were more likely to report victimization when there was physical evidence, but only women were affected by such variables as the victim offender relationship, the age of the offender, and whether the victimization was perceived to be completed.
fr: Victime
Violence
Noun
Behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something.
Example: I emphasize two previously understudied mechanisms of neighborhood effects, the level and organization of violence and cultural heterogeneity.
The level and organization of violence in disadvantaged communities structures adolescents' relationships with same sex peers.
