My name is Thomas Del Castillo, I'm entering my third and final year as a student at Montmorency College in Social Sciences. The following glossary is for anyone who is or will be interested in studying Criminology in the near future. Criminology is the study of the criminal mind. This field of study shifts its focus towards the criminal behaviour and its deviance's. Coming from the same branch as Sociology, Criminology is often compared to Psychology because of their common interests of the human mind.
blackmail
noun
The action, treated as a criminal offense, of demanding payment or another benefit from someone in return for not revealing compromising or damaging information about them.
Example: "They were acquitted of charges of blackmail".
fr: Chantage
blood
noun
The red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body.
Example: An object possesses a functional property in virtue of filling a particular role; something occupies a particular role if it responds in certain ways to causal inputs and produces certain kinds of outputs e.g. a heart pumps blood around the body, consequently an object possesses the property of being a heart provided it occupies this causal role.
fr: sang
cocaine
noun
An addictive drug derived from coca or prepared synthetically, used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local anesthetic.
Example: Common drugs encountered by the police on the street are those found as loose white powders, which are rarely identifiable by visual analysis, these drugs include cocaine, heroin, and types of amphetamine.
fr: cocaïne
contraband
noun
Goods that have been imported or exported illegally.
Example: Runaways now flooded into safety behind Federal lines and behind the argument that prevented southern slave owners from reclaiming their slaves; that slaves were now considered as property and therefore contraband of war.
fr: contrebande
criminal
noun
A person who has committed a crime.
Example: Locke also believes however, that fear is an important element in the running of a society, for it is, to some extent, fear of punishment by the sovereign that acts as a preventative for criminal action, "Punishing the crime for restraint, and preventing the like offence".
fr: Criminel
detective
noun
A person, especially a police officer, whose occupation is to investigate and solve crimes.
Example: My work also has the potential to become a serial with my main character detective Adam Belmayne.
fr: détective
deviance
noun
The fact or state of departing from usual or accepted standards, especially in social or sexual behavior.
Example: The leading psychoanalyst of the time, Freud, believed it was the case that women were beginning to 'resist the social definitions that confine them to the doll's house of bourgeois femininity'.7 Such women were notable for their sexual deviance, in terms of promiscuity, bearing children out of wedlock, nymphomania, masturbation and homosexuality, all of which were thought to be signs of madness.
fr: déviance
fraud
noun
Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain.
Example: Based on Chivas and Heineken case studies (, ) and Demo () Visibility and control of the process Prevention of expense fraud Faster payments Cost savings Better integration with other processes (e.g. accounting) Improved forecasting due to accurate and up-to-date data Ideal for out-of-office use (offline version, SMS interface).
fr: fraude
hijacking
noun
An act of unlawfully seizing an aircraft, vehicle, or ship while in transit; a hijack.
Example: He was involved in a hijacking in 1981.
fr: détournement
homicide
noun
The killing of one person by another, whether intended (murder) or not (manslaughter). Not all homicide is unlawful; killing in self-defense, for example, is not a crime.
Example: Homicide (murder) rates among black males more than doubled between 1960 and 1990, and in general, violence has become the way of life for many black males.
fr: homicide
judge
noun
A public official appointed to decide cases in a court of law.
Example: Then follows this evidence put forward in front of a judge jury who will ultimately decide whether they agree beyond reasonable doubt that the alleged offender committed the crime and thus how they should be punished.
fr: juge
jury
noun
A body of people (typically twelve in number) sworn to give a verdict in a legal case on the basis of evidence submitted to them in court.
Example: Members of the jury the prosecution have presented their case and now it is for you to decide if Sigmund Freud's theory of Psychoanalysis should be studied in Psychology.
fr: jury
law
noun
The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Example: At various times there have been attempts to set up low-cost alternatives to challenge the 'comfy duopoly' (Four Corners, 2001), but up until 2000 all such attempts ended in failure, partially as a result of a lack of protection in Australian law against Qantas' anti-competitive 'predatory behaviour' (ibid.).
fr: Droit
lawyer
noun
A person who practices or studies law; an attorney or a counselor.
Example: John Dickenson, a lawyer from Pennsylvania, wrote that the Suspending Act was "unconstitutional and warned residents of other colonies that it might serve as a precedent for a similar assault upon their legislative rights".
fr: avocat
prison
noun
A building in which people are legally held as a punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial.
Example: An offender is less likely to re-offend in an environment in which he is constantly under surveillance such as prison or some outside monitoring scheme.
fr: Prison
psychiatrist
noun
A medical practitioner specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness.
Example: Since then, Mr has been admitted under the care of his psychiatrist as an informal admission on 4 occasions, all for either delusions or hallucinations and has had 6 monthly OP appointments.
fr: psychiatre
racism
noun
Prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against a person or people on the basis of their membership of a particular racial or ethnic group, typically one that is a minority or marginalized.
Example: There are problems of integration, assimilation and racism with regards to the large inflow of Muslims into countries such as Great Britain and France which puts strain on the social fabric.
fr: racisme
rape
noun
Unlawful sexual activity and usually sexual intercourse carried out forcibly or under threat of injury against a person's will or with a person who is beneath a certain age or incapable of valid consent because of mental illness, mental deficiency, intoxication, unconsciousness, or deception.
Example: It may be permissible to kill in order to avoid rape, enslavement or serious injury, as these could lead to serious and irrevocable detriment to one's quality of life.
fr: viol
terrorist
noun
A person who uses unlawful violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in the pursuit of political aims.
Example: Further more, neo-realism manifestly fails to say anything meaningful about the new transborder threats that globalisation has exposed us to, such as world environmental degradation and transnational terrorist networks (eg.
Al Qaeda).
fr: terroriste
weapon
noun
A thing designed or used for inflicting bodily harm or physical damage.
