Bioburden is normally defined as the number of bacteria living on a surface that has not been sterilized.
Example: First article.
We further address the issue of forward contamination. In planetary protection, bioburden constraints on spacecraft are defined with respect to the number of Bacillus spores that survive on their surfaces before launch (Horne et al., 2022)
en: микробная обсемененность объекта
crewed
adjective
having a crew : carrying or performed by people
(origin: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/crewed)
Example: Current research and planning to send crewed missions to Mars for long term space exploration has underscored the critical need for advanced Bio-regenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS), which are complex mixtures of biological and engineering systems that include atmosphere revitalization, water recycling, food production, and organic waste recycling (Revellame et al., 2021).
en: пилотируемый
dormancy
noun
Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and physical activity are temporarily stopped.
Example: First article.
However, under conditions of desiccation, many unicellular and even some multicellular organisms can enter a state of dormancy, in which intracellular water is lost and metabolism is undetectable, yet can resume activity upon aquation (Horne et al., 2022).
en: Состояние покоя
intermittent (repopulation)
Stopping and starting at intervals. synonym: periodic.
Example: First article.
Although even D. radiodurans buried in the martian subsurface could not survive dormant for the estimated 2–2.5 billion years since flowing water disappeared, such martian environments are regularly altered and melted by meteorite impacts (impact gardening), and we suggest that periodic melting could allow intermittent repopulation and dispersal (Horne et al., 2022)
en: повторное (заселение)
propose
verb
1: to form or put forward a plan or intention man proposes, but God disposes
2 obsolete : to engage in talk or discussion
3: to make an offer of marriage
(origin: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proposed)
Example: Algae, which produce much of the oxygen on Earth, can similarly be used to recycle CO2 and provide O2 and food to astronauts (Häder, 2020), and therefore, have previously been proposed for space life support systems (Averner et al., 1984).
en: выдвигать / делать предложение руки и сердца
proximity
noun
Synonyms: Vicinity, etc. (see neighborhood), adjacency.
Example: First article.
Evidence for persistent liquid water on ancient Mars and significant amounts of contemporary water ice, along with the planet’s proximity to Earth, have made Mars a target in the search for existing or extinct extraterrestrial life (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2021).
en: близость
redundancy
noun
Genetic redundancy is a term typically used to describe situations where a given biochemical function is redundantly encoded by two or more genes.
Example: First article.
In the present study, we have extended those early investigations by showing synergism between desiccation and freezing on the ionizing radiation survival of six model microorganisms and the key role of genomic redundancy (Horne et al., 2022).
en: избыточность
settlement
noun
1: the act or process of settling
2 a: an act of bestowing or giving possession under legal sanction
b: the sum, estate, or income secured to one by such a settlement
3 a: occupation by settlers
b: a place or region newly settled
c: a small village
4: settlement house
5: an agreement composing differences
6: payment or adjustment of an account
(origin: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/settlement)
Example: Human exploration of Mars is one of the key scientific and technological undertakings of our time, providing critical information enabling the discovery and settlement of another world while also facilitating the development of technologies on Earth (Cycil et al., 2021).
en: заселение, поселение
swirl
verb
1 a: to move with an eddying or whirling motion swirling water
b: to pass in whirling confusion
2 : to have a twist or convolution
(origin: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/swirling)
Example: Before sampling, cultures were first homogenized by gentle swirling to ensure uniform distribution of cells and then 1 ml of sample was extracted from each flask for growth measurement using a sterile pipet (Cycil et al., 2021).
en: водоворот/кружение/вращение/циркуляция
undertakings
noun
1 a: the act of one who undertakes or engages in a project or business
b: the business of an undertaker
2 : something undertaken : enterprise
3 : pledge, guarantee
(reference: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/undertakings)
Example: Human exploration of Mars is one of the key scientific and technological undertakings of our time, providing critical
information enabling the discovery and settlement of another world while also facilitating the development of technologies on Earth (Cycil et al., 2021).
