present in great quantity; more than adequate; oversufficient
Example: For example, in patient no. 16 (with pseudo-PD), the post-ICB dominant TRBV clone represented 48% of all PD-1+ CD8 TCRs, which was more abundant than the pre-ICB dominant TRBV clone.
en: обильный
advantage
noun
a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favorable or superior position.
Example: To avoid the need of the long-term TIL culture and to take advantage of the newly available high-throughput single-cell technology, we aimed to develop a new approach to isolate neoantigen-specific TCRs directly from tumor specimens. In this report, neoantigen-specific TCRs were obtained from tumor specimens resected from three patients with melanoma and three patients with colorectal cancer.
en: преимущество
alignment
noun
arrangement in a straight line or in correct relative positions
Example: Once the sequencing data were obtained, alignments to human genome build hg19 were performed using novoalign MPI from novocraft
en: выравнивание
bias
noun
a systematic distortion of a statistical result due to a factor not allowed for in its derivation.
Example: It might have led to a potential bias
en: предвзятость
burden
noun
a load, typically a heavy one.
Example: Despite advances in identifying biomarkers, such as PD-L1 expression, tumor mutational burden (TMB), immune-regulated gene expression scores and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), few patients can provide tumor tissue samples of enough quality and quantity to support the necessary biomarker tests.
en: нагрузка
confounding
verb
mix up (something) with something else
Example: Moreover, some confounding variables, such as PD-L1 expression and the TMB, were not included in our analysis due to the limited number of available samples
en: сбивающий с толку, смешанный
conveniently
adverb
in a way that fits well with particular needs, activities, and plans.
Example: Sequencing of the TCR repertoire can be conveniently performed with samples of peripheral blood, presenting a noninvasive approach to predict response to ICB
en: удобно
disturb
verb
interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of.
Example: Through a competition inhibition experiment, we showed that the post-immunotherapy PD-1+ CD8+ T cell sorting that required MIH4 binding to PD-1 was not disturbed by the previous binding of PD-1 inhibitors
en: беспокоить, нарушать
exhaustion
noun
a state of extreme physical or mental tiredness
Example: A study on melanoma revealed that pre-existing PD-1+ CD8+ T cells were functional cytotoxic T cells that targeted cancer and experienced exhaustion, which was induced by an immune checkpoint pathway: these cells could be detected in the peripheral blood
en: истощение
exploratory
adjective
relating to or involving exploration or investigation.
Example: Finally, these findings are exploratory and need to be confirmed in additional, larger cohorts.
en: исследовательский
hazard
noun
something that is dangerous and likely to cause damage
Example: Patients with “high” diversity had a significantly longer PFS than those with “low” diversity [6.4 months, 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.8-9.2 vs. 2.5 months, 95% CI, 1.9-3.2, hazard ratio (HR), 0.39, 95%, log-rank P = 0.021]
en: опасность, риск
invigorate
verb
give strength or energy to
Example: A high TMB indicates elevated production and release of tumor neoantigens, which improves tumor cell recognition and eradication by cytotoxic T cells invigorated after ICB
en: активировать
merge
verb
combine or cause to combine to form a single entity
Example: The results were validated in cohort B. Pre-ICB PD-1+ CD8+ TCR diversity achieved an optimal Youden's index of 0.81 (sensitivity = 0.87 and specificity = 0.94) for differentiating the ICB response in the merged dataset (cohort A plus cohort B)
en: сливаться
overlap
verb
extend over and cover a part of
Example: To further clarify the details of TCR clonal evolution after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy, we analyzed the TRBV overlap rate to compare the similarity of TCR clones before and after anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment.
en: перекрывать
partially
adverb
only in part; to a limited extent.
Example: Blocking the PD-1 pathway can partially reinvigorate T cells and lead to the proliferation of PD-1+ CD8+ T cells
en: частично
purified
adjective
having had contaminants removed; cleansed.
Example: Briefly, genomic DNA was purified from a patient’s tumor specimen and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) .
en: очищенный
Raw
adjective
red and painful, especially as the result of skin abrasion
Example: Raw sequencing data were processed and analyzed as follows
en: сырой
reliability
noun
the ability to be relied on or depended on, as for accuracy, honesty, or achievement.
Example: Although the small sample size limited the reliability of our conclusions, our results suggest a potential approach for the early
identification of pseudo-PD, which should be further validated in larger cohorts.
en: надежность
semiquantitatively
adverb
constituting or involving less than quantitative precision
Example: CDR3 in the TCR β chain (TRB) was inclusively and semiquantitatively amplified by multiplex
PCR
en: полуколичественно
shrinkage
act or fact of reduction in volume
Example: In 19 patients with matched pre- and post-ICB peripheral PD-1+ CD8+ TCR sequencing data, TCR clonality displayed a trend of consistent change that was positively associated with tumor shrinkage
en: усадка
Subsequently
adverb
after a particular thing has happened; afterwards.
Example: Subsequently, whole-exome libraries were sequenced by a NextSeq 550 sequencer using a Highoutput v2 300-cycle kit
en: впоследствии
sufficient
adjective
enough; adequate.
Example: Approximately 24 tumor fragments were cultured for about 4 weeks in culture medium containing IL-2, in order to obtain a sufficient number of expanded TILs.
en: достаточный
thresholds
noun
the magnitude or intensity that must be exceeded for a certain reaction, phenomenon, result, or condition to occur or be manifested.
Example: The optimal thresholds for T cell diversity were calculated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis
en: пороги
underwent
verb
experience or be subjected to (something, typically something unpleasant or arduous)
Example: Patients with primary PD or an initial PR underwent decremental or incremental evolution in TCR clonality, respectively.
en: подвергаться (чему - либо)
Сurve
noun
A line or surface that bends in a smooth, continuous way without sharp angles
Example: Based on an optimal threshold of 3.14 for the maximum ROC curve value, TCR diversity was used to dichotomize patients into “high” and “low” diversity subsets