35 Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and carbon monooxide. terms
This is specific glossary for people who make a research in the electrocatalyric reduction of carbon dioxide and carbon monooxide. It contains about 35 discipline-specific terms.
agriculture
noun
The science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products.
Example: For example, incorporating N atoms could yield organonitrogen compounds, which are of significant interest because of their widespread application in chemical synthesis, pharmaceutical Chemistry, agriculture, and the aerospace industry.
Tao, Z., Rooney, C. L., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Accessing Organonitrogen Compounds via C–N Coupling in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(47), 19630-19642.
ru: сельское хозяйство
ambient conditions
phrase
Conditions of temperature, pressure and humidity equal to environmental conditions (room conditions).
Example: Hence, substantial research efforts have been devoted to exploring renewable and economic urea synthesis routes, such as electrocatalytic urea formation under ambient conditions.
Cao N. et al. Oxygen vacancies enhanced cooperative electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrite ions to urea //Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. – 2020. – Т. 577. – С. 109-114.
ru: условия окружающей среды
appealing
adjective
Something attractive or interesting.
Example: Electroreduction of carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals is an appealing approach to tackle CO2 emission challenges.
J. Wang, “Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 7, no. 48, pp. 27514-27521, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c9ta11140a.
ru: привлекательный
attenuated
adjective
Having been reduced in force, effect, or value.
Example: Besides, the authors observed the reaction intermediates of the CO2RR, such as adsorbed CO in linear and bridging modes, and *COO-, *COOH, *OCHO, etc. by using an attenuated total refection configuration and isotopic labeling on various electrocatalysts.
J. Wang, “Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 7, no. 48, pp. 27514-27521, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c9ta11140a.
ru: ослабленный
beneficial
adjective
Resulting in good; favourable or advantageous.
Example: The catalyst surface oxidation prior to CO2RR was also reported to be beneficial for achieving high CO faradic efficiencies.
Moreno-García, P. et al. (2018) “Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to Co on Zn-based foams produced by Cu2+ and template-assisted electrodeposition,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(37), pp. 31355–31365. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09894.
ru: выгодный
carbon neutrality
phrase
Carbon neutrality is a state of net-zero carbon dioxide emissions.
Example: Carbon neutrality, or net-zero CO2 emissions, is an essential practice to achieve sustainable development of human societies.
Tao, Z., Rooney, C. L., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Accessing Organonitrogen Compounds via C–N Coupling in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(47), 19630-19642.
ru: углеродная нейтральность
catalytic activity
phrase
The characteristic of catalyst that shows its property to accelerate a chemical reaction.
Example: The obtained samples showed excellent catalytic activity towards the CO2RR to produce formate, with a high FE (82%) and
a current density of 18.9 mA/cm2 in a CO2-saturated NaHCO3 (0.1 mol/L) electrolyte solution at -1.0 V vs. RHE.
Wang J. et al. Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate //Journal of Materials Chemistry A. – 2019. – Т. 7. – №. 48. – С. 27514-27521.
ru: каталитическая активность
contaminant
noun
A polluting or poisonous substance that makes something impure.
Example: On the other hand, the nitrogen contaminants (NO2 and NO3) are abundantly found in ground water, imposing a potential threat to human health.
Cao N. et al. Oxygen vacancies enhanced cooperative electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrite ions to urea //Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. – 2020. – Т. 577. – С. 109-114.
ru: загрязнитель
conversion
noun
The process of changing or causing something to change from one form to another.
Example: Many electrocatalysts work under room temperature and 1 atm pressure conditions, whereas most organonitrogen compounds are industrially produced from thermocatalytic conversions under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.
Tao, Z., Rooney, C. L., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Accessing Organonitrogen Compounds via C–N Coupling in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(47), 19630-19642.
ru: преобразование
cost-effective
adjective
Effective or productive in relation to its cost.
Example: Although these achievements are encouraging per se, further efforts are required to develop efficient CO2RR catalysts based on more abundant and cost-effective materials to approach industrial-scale CO2 electrolysis.
Moreno-García, P. et al. (2018) “Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to Co on Zn-based foams produced by Cu2+ and template-assisted electrodeposition,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(37), pp. 31355–31365. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09894.
ru: экономически эффективный
current density
phrase
The amount of electric current flowing per unit cross-sectional area of a material.
Example: In the presence of NH3 gas, the required potential to achieve the same current density increased by ~30 mV.
Jouny, M., Lv, J. J., Cheng, T., Ko, B. H., Zhu, J. J., Goddard, W. A., & Jiao, F. (2019). Formation of carbon–nitrogen bonds in carbon monoxide electrolysis. Nature chemistry, 11(9), 846-851.
ru: плотность тока
depletion
noun
Reduction in the number or quantity of something.
Example: For NO2- electroreduction, the NH3 signal at 1100 cm-1 is obtained, and an upward peak of NO2- at 1220 cm-1 exists because of its depletion.
Meng N. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets //Cell Reports Physical Science. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 3. – С. 100378.
ru: истощение
electrode
noun
A conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object, substance, or region.
Example: Sn was then deposited onto the treated Cu foam in a three-electrode cell, with Cu foam as the working electrode, Pt wire as the counter
electrode and a Ag/AgCl electrode as the reference electrode, in a 2 M KOH aqueous solution containing 0.05 M SnCl2.
Wang J. et al. Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate //Journal of Materials Chemistry A. – 2019. – Т. 7. – №. 48. – С. 27514-27521.
ru: электрод
electrolysis
noun
In chemistry and manufacturing, electrolysis is a technique that uses direct electric current to drive an otherwise non-spontaneous chemical reaction.
Example: Based on the relationship between the concentration and absorbance, the NH4+ concentration in the sample after electrolysis was quantified.
Meng N. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets //Cell Reports Physical Science. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 3. – С. 100378.
ru: электролиз
emission
noun
The production and discharge of something, especially gas or radiation.
Example: Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to valuable chemicals by utilizing a surplus of renewable energy is a promising approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect caused by anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
Moreno-García, P. et al. (2018) “Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to Co on Zn-based foams produced by Cu2+ and template-assisted electrodeposition,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(37), pp. 31355–31365. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09894.
ru: эмиссия
Faradaic efficiency
phrase
Faraday efficiency describes the efficiency with which charge (electrons) is transferred in a system facilitating an electrochemical reaction.
Example: An electrochemical production of acetamide with nearly 40% Faradaic efficiency was achieved at a current density of 300mAcm–2.
Jouny, M., Lv, J. J., Cheng, T., Ko, B. H., Zhu, J. J., Goddard, W. A., & Jiao, F. (2019). Formation of carbon–nitrogen bonds in carbon monoxide electrolysis. Nature chemistry, 11(9), 846-851.
ru: Фарадеевская эффективность
feedstock
noun
Raw material to supply or fuel a machine or industrial process.
Example: Feedstocks of NH3 and CO are used to construct the C-N bond.
Meng N. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets //Cell Reports Physical Science. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 3. – С. 100378.
ru: промышленное сырье
fertilizer
noun
A chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility.
Example: Nitrogen-containing fertilizers have supported ~ 27% of the global population during the last century.
Meng N. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets //Cell Reports Physical Science. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 3. – С. 100378.
ru: удобрение
flow rate
phrase
Flow rate is the volume of fluid that passes in a unit of time.
Example: The CO flow rate was set
via a mass flow controller (Brooks GF40) and the NH3 flow rate was controlled by a
rotameter (Cole Parmer, PMR1-010286).
Jouny, M., Lv, J. J., Cheng, T., Ko, B. H., Zhu, J. J., Goddard, W. A., & Jiao, F. (2019). Formation of carbon–nitrogen bonds in carbon monoxide electrolysis. Nature chemistry, 11(9), 846-851.
ru: скорость потока
foam
noun
A dispersed system with a gas dispersed phase and a liquid or solid dispersion medium.
Example: Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts supported on Cu foam were prepared by a two-step procedure.
Wang J. et al. Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate //Journal of Materials Chemistry A. – 2019. – Т. 7. – №. 48. – С. 27514-27521.
ru: пена
greenhouse gas
phrase
A gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation. Carbon dioxide and chlorofluorocarbons are examples of greenhouse gases.
Example: Carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary greenhouse gas, is also the predominant carbon (C) source available in the atmosphere.
Cao N. et al. Oxygen vacancies enhanced cooperative electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrite ions to urea //Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. – 2020. – Т. 577. – С. 109-114.
ru: парниковый газ
hydrocarbons
noun
A compound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chief components of petroleum and natural gas.
Example: One of the most desired target products of the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction is CO, a relevant feedstock precursor for further chemical synthesis of hydrocarbons, and liquid fuels such as alcohols.
Moreno-García, P. et al. (2018) “Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to Co on Zn-based foams produced by Cu2+ and template-assisted electrodeposition,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(37), pp. 31355–31365. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09894.
ru: углеводороды
interfacial
adjective
Included between two faces of a crystal or other solid.
Example: Electrochemical impedance spectrometry shows a much smaller radius in ZnO-V compared with that of ZnO suggesting remarkably decreased interfacial charge transfer resistance after the vacancy modification.
Meng N. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets //Cell Reports Physical Science. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 3. – С. 100378.
ru: межфазный
intermediate
noun
Transitional substance with a short lifetime, formed during a chemical reaction and then reacted further to the reaction products.
Example: Besides, the authors observed the reaction intermediates of the CO2RR, such as adsorbed CO in linear and bridging modes, and *COO-, *COOH, *OCHO, etc. by using an attenuated total reflection configuration and isotopic labeling on various electrocatalysts.
Wang J. et al. Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate //Journal of Materials Chemistry A. – 2019. – Т. 7. – №. 48. – С. 27514-27521.
ru: интермедиат (промежуточное вещество)
organonitrogen compound
phrase
An organonitrogen compound is formally a compound containing at least one carbon-nitrogen bond.
Example: Synthesizing organonitrogen compounds from N-integrated electrocatalytic CO2 reduction could offer several notable benefits over the current industrial synthesis routes of these
products.
Tao, Z., Rooney, C. L., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Accessing Organonitrogen Compounds via C–N Coupling in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(47), 19630-19642.
ru: азоторганическое соединение
precipitate
noun
A substance deposited from a solution.
Example: After cooling down to room temperature naturally, the precipitates were collected by centrifugation at a speed of 8000 rpm for 3 min and washed four times with ethanol to obtain the final product of Cu6Sn5.
J. Wang, “Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 7, no. 48, pp. 27514-27521, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c9ta11140a.
ru: осаждаться
production
noun
The act of making something from raw materials or other components.
Example: Remarkably, the presence of NH3 led to considerable production of acetamide, with
a Faradaic efficiency up to 38% and a partial current density of 114 mAcm–2 at −0.68 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE).
Jouny, M., Lv, J. J., Cheng, T., Ko, B. H., Zhu, J. J., Goddard, W. A., & Jiao, F. (2019). Formation of carbon–nitrogen bonds in carbon monoxide electrolysis. Nature chemistry, 11(9), 846-851.
ru: производство
raw material
phrase
The basic material from which a product is made.
Example: As one of the desired products, urea (CO(NH2)2) is widely used as a raw material to produce melamine and pesticides, and even applied in medical fields.
Cao N. et al. Oxygen vacancies enhanced cooperative electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrite ions to urea //Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. – 2020. – Т. 577. – С. 109-114.
ru: сырьё
reaction mechanism
phrase
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.
Example: Our previous full-solvent quantum mechanical calculations revealed that—under neutral or basic conditions—the reaction mechanism involves CO dimerization and sequential transfer of H from two surface waters to form the *(HO)C=COH intermediate that subsequently proceeds through two separate pathways to form C2H4 and ethanol/n-propanol.
Jouny, M., Lv, J. J., Cheng, T., Ko, B. H., Zhu, J. J., Goddard, W. A., & Jiao, F. (2019). Formation of carbon–nitrogen bonds in carbon monoxide electrolysis. Nature chemistry, 11(9), 846-851.
ru: механизм реакции
rigorous
adjective
Harsh and demanding.
Example: However, the synthesis processes of industrial urea require rigorous conditions including high temperatures (150–200 °C) and high pressures (100–200 atm), as well as the use of liquid ammonia (NH3) that costs a large energy consumption.
Cao N. et al. Oxygen vacancies enhanced cooperative electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide and nitrite ions to urea //Journal of Colloid and Interface Science. – 2020. – Т. 577. – С. 109-114.
ru: жёсткий, суровый
scarce
adjective
Insufficient in quantity compared with the demand: not plentiful or abundant.
Example: However, studies have remained scarce thus far for the far more complicated CO2RR.
J. Wang, “Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 7, no. 48, pp. 27514-27521, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c9ta11140a.
ru: скудный
selectivity
noun
The quality of carefully choosing someone or something as the best or most suitable.
Example: This is why, the rational design of electrocatalysts showing high efficiency and selectivity along with a high durability during CO2 electrolysis is currently pursued by many research groups worldwide.
Moreno-García, P. et al. (2018) “Selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to Co on Zn-based foams produced by Cu2+ and template-assisted electrodeposition,” ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 10(37), pp. 31355–31365. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.8b09894.
ru: селективность
synthesis routes
phrase
A synthetic route is the pathway taken to prepare a specific product.
Example: Synthesizing organonitrogen compounds from N-integrated electrocatalytic CO2 reduction could offer several notable benefits over the current industrial synthesis routes of these products.
Tao, Z., Rooney, C. L., Liang, Y., & Wang, H. (2021). Accessing Organonitrogen Compounds via C–N Coupling in Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(47), 19630-19642.
ru: способы синтеза
tackle challenge
phrase
If you tackle a difficult problem or task, you deal with it in a very determined or efficient way.
Example: Electroreduction of carbon dioxide into fuels and chemicals is an appealing approach to tackle CO2 emission challenges.
J. Wang, “Heterostructured intermetallic CuSn catalysts: high performance towards the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formate.” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 7, no. 48, pp. 27514-27521, 2019, doi: 10.1039/c9ta11140a.
ru: решить проблему
urea
noun
A colourless crystalline compound which is the main nitrogenous breakdown product of protein metabolism in mammals and is excreted in urine.
Example: As one of the desired products, urea (CO(NH2)2) is widely used as a raw material to produce melamine and pesticides, and even applied in medical fields.
Meng N. et al. Electrosynthesis of urea from nitrite and CO2 over oxygen vacancy-rich ZnO porous nanosheets //Cell Reports Physical Science. – 2021. – Т. 2. – №. 3. – С. 100378.
