week 1

6 Pain research. terms

Pain is a common complication after spinal cord injury as up to about 80% of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients experience pain. Chronic pain affects the majority of patients, and approximately one third of these patients report pain that significantly affects their quality of life. Neurophysiological studies of chronic pain require animal models of pain with low inter-subject variability. The glossary is about two experimental models of chronic pain in adult rats: spinal cord contusion, and sciatic nerve compression injury; and about acute pain.

Acute pain

adjective and noun

Acute pain - острая боль. Acute pain is caused by injury, surgery, illness, trauma or painful medical procedures. It serves as a warning of disease or a threat to the body. It generally lasts for a short period of time, and usually disappears when the underlying cause has been treated or has healed.

Example: Over the past decade there has been an increasing reliance on strong opioids to treat acute and chronic pain, which has been associated with a rising epidemic of prescription opioid misuse, abuse, and overdose-related deaths. Deaths from prescription opioids have more than quadrupled in the USA since 1999, and this pattern is now occurring globally. Inappropriate opioid prescribing after surgery, particularly after discharge, is a major cause of this problem. Reference: P. Glare, K.R. Aubrey and P.S. Myles,“Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery,” Lancet (London, England). [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30983589/. [Accessed: 09-Nov-2022].

Hyperalgesia

noun

An increased sensitivity to feeling pain and an extreme response to pain. Hyperalgesia may occur when there is damage to the nerves or chemical changes to the nerve pathways involved in sensing pain.

Example: Additionally, plasticity can develop in the pain pathway and hyperalgesia and allodynia may develop through sensitisation both peripherally and centrally. A large number of different ion channels, receptors, and cell types are involved in pain perception, and it is hoped that through a better understanding of these, new and refined treatments for pain will result. Reference:A.Bell, "The neurobiology of acute pain", Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997), 237, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.05.004

en: гипералгезия

Prescriber

participle

Prescriber means a physician, dentist, or other person licensed, registered, or otherwise permitted by the U.S. or the jurisdiction in which he or she practices, to issue prescriptions for drugs for human use.

Example: One of the most difficult challenges for any prescriber is distinguishing between the legitimate prescription of controlled substances versus the prescription potentially used for illegitimate purposes. To discern the difference, prescribers need to understand the signs, symptoms, and treatment of acute and chronic pain and the signs and symptoms of patients misusing controlled substances. C. Preuss, A. Kalava, and K. C. King, “Prescription of controlled substances: Benefits and risks,” National Center for Biotechnology Information. [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30726003/. [Accessed: 09-Nov-2022].

en: выписывающий, назначающий

Severe

Adjective

Severe - 1)(of something bad or undesirable) very great; intense* 2)of punishment of a person) strict or harsh.

Example: Nearly 20 per cent of patients experience severe pain in the first 24 h after surgery, a figure that has remained largely unchanged in the past 30 years. This review aims to present key considerations for postoperative pain management. Reference: C. Small and H. Laycock, “Acute postoperative pain management,” The British journal of surgery. [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31903595/. [Accessed: 09-Nov-2022].

Sole

Adjective (in this case)

Sole - being the only one; single.

Example: Pain can be the presenting or sole complaint in depressed patients who present to primary care practices and is often overlooked by clinicians. Reference: Athena Michaelidesand and P. Zis, “Depression, anxiety and acute pain: Links and management challenges,” Postgraduate medicine. [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31482756/. [Accessed: 09-Nov-2022].

en: 1)Исключительный, единственный (прил.); 2)подошва (сущ.)

Tailored

participle

Example: Pharmacologic management of acute pain should be tailored for each patient, including a review of treatment expectations and a plan for the time course of prescriptions. URL: O. Amaechi , M. McCann Huffman and K. Featherstone“Pharmacologic therapy for acute pain,” American family physician. [Online]. Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34264611/. [Accessed: 08-Nov-2022].

en: tailored [ˈteɪləd] прич - приспособленный адаптированный подогнанный, специализированный