A person who has the legal right to act for someone else.
Source : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/attorney
An attorney is someone who is not only trained and educated in law, but also practices it in court. A basic definition of an attorney is someone who acts as a practitioner in a court of law. Attorneys are required to abide by a code of ethics and may practice in both civil and criminal courts.
Source : https://onlinemasteroflegalstudies.com/career-guides/become-a-lawyer/attorney-vs-lawyer/
Example: Attorney representing Michigan State player alleges Michigan player 'engaged with Spartan athletes with his helmet'
Source : https://spartanswire.usatoday.com/2022/11/08/breaking-attorney-representing-michigan-state-player-alleges-michigan-player-engaged-with-spartan-athletes-with-his-helmet/
fr: Avocat.e
Barrister
noun
Barristers specialise in advocacy and appear in court on behalf of their clients. Their work can involve representing clients at all stages of the legal process, from interviewing witnesses and preparing cases for trial, to making submissions to the judge or jury. They wear a wig and gown in court. They work at higher levels of court than solicitors and their main role is to act as advocates in legal hearings, which means they stand in court and plead the case on behalf of their clients in front of a judge.
Source : https://www.chartlands.org/what-is-the-difference-between-a-barrister-and-solicitor/
Example: Criminal barristers vote to end strike over pay
https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63198892
fr: Avocat.e
Biodegradable
adjective
(of a substance) able to decay naturally and without harming the environment.
Source : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/biodegradable
Biodegradable essentially means that an item can be broken down into increasingly smaller pieces by bacteria, fungi or microbes to be reabsorbed by the surrounding environment, ideally without causing any pollution. Some things are naturally biodegradable, like food and plants, while other items can break down into harmful chemicals or gases.
Source : https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/howto/guide/what-biodegradable-really-means
Example: Scientists have used mushrooms to make biodegradable computer chips
Source : https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/15/world/mushroom-skin-electrical-circuits-scn-scli-intl/index.html
fr: Biodégradable
Chief executive Officer (CEO)
noun
The senior manager or leader of a business or other organization, such as a nonprofit or nongovernmental organization (NGO). A chief executive officer has final decision-making authority within the organization (subject to the general consent of a board of directors, if there is one) and holds a number of important responsibilities.
Source : https://www.britannica.com/topic/chief-executive-officer
Example: Burger King owner Restaurant Brands hires former Domino’s CEO Patrick Doyle as chair.
Source : https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/16/restaurant-brands-taps-former-dominos-ceo-patrick-doyle-as-chair.html
fr: Président Directeur-Général (PDG)
Climate Change
noun
Climate change is a long-term change in the average weather patterns that have come to define Earth’s local, regional and global climates. These changes have a broad range of observed effects that are synonymous with the term.
Source : https://climate.nasa.gov/global-warming-vs-climate-change/
Climate change could refer to a particular location or the planet as a whole. Climate change may cause weather patterns to be less predictable.
Source : https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/climate-change
Example: Middle East and North Africa faces extreme climate change threat
Source : https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/56469/middle-east-north-africa-mena-faces-extreme-climate-change-threat/
fr: Changement climatique
Deforestation
noun
Destruction or removal of forests and their undergrowth.
While deforestation can be permanent, this is not always the case.
Not all deforestation is intentional. Some is caused by a combination of human and natural factors like wildfires and overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of young trees.
Source : https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/deforestation
Deforestation refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining activities. Greatly accelerated by human activities since 1960, deforestation has been negatively affecting natural ecosystems, biodiversity, and the climate.
Source : https://youmatter.world/en/definition/definitions-what-is-definition-deforestation-causes-effects/
Example: 2022 Amazon fires tightly tied to recent deforestation, new data show
Source : https://news.mongabay.com/2022/11/2022-amazon-fires-tightly-tied-to-recent-deforestation-new-data-show/
fr: Déforestation
Ecosystem
noun
An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other organisms. Abiotic factors include rocks, temperature, and humidity.
Source : https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ecosystem
Example: Rivers and lakes are the most degraded ecosystems in the world. Can we save them?
source : https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/rivers-and-lakes-are-most-degraded-ecosystems-in-world-can-we-save-them
High above the Amazon, an ecosystem untouched by time
source : https://www.nationalgeographic.com/newsletters/article/high-above-the-amazon-an-ecosystem-untouched-by-time-20220322
fr: Écosystème
Free Trade Agreement
noun
A free trade agreement is a pact between two or more nations to reduce barriers to imports and exports among them. Under a free trade policy, goods and services can be bought and sold across international borders with little or no government tariffs, quotas, subsidies, or prohibitions to inhibit their exchange.
Source : https://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/free-trade.asp
A Free trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement between two or more countries where the countries agree on certain obligations that affect trade in goods and services, and protections for investors and intellectual property rights, among other topics.
Source : https://www.trade.gov/free-trade-agreement-overview
Example: Brexit: UK and Singapore sign free trade agreement
Source : https://www.bbc.com/news/business-55255082
fr: Accord de libre-échange
Global Warming
noun
Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. This term is not interchangeable with the term "climate change."
Source : https://climate.nasa.gov/global-warming-vs-climate-change/
Example: COP27: EU calls on all Parties to take concrete steps to limit global warming to 1.5°C and respect the Paris Agreement
Source : https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/IP_22_6524
fr: Le réchauffement climatique
Greenhouse gas
noun
Any gas that has the property of absorbing infrared radiation (net heat energy) emitted from Earth’s surface and reradiating it back to Earth’s surface, thus contributing to the greenhouse effect. Carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour are the most important greenhouse gases.
Source : https://www.britannica.com/science/greenhouse-gas
‘Greenhouse gases’ are crucial to keeping our planet at a suitable temperature for life.
Source : https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/climate-change/how-does-the-greenhouse-effect-work/
Greenhouse gases occur naturally and are part of our atmosphere's makeup.
Source : https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/19/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect/
Example: Oil and gas greenhouse emissions ‘three times higher’ than producers claim
Source : https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/nov/09/oil-and-gas-greenhouse-emissions-three-times-higher-than-producers-claim
Billionaires emit a million times more greenhouse gases than the average person: Oxfam
Source https://www.cnbc.com/2022/11/08/billionaires-emit-a-million-times-more-greenhouse-gases-than-the-average-person-oxfam.html
fr: Gaz à effet de serre
Hydropower
noun
Hydropower, or hydroelectric power, is one of the oldest and largest sources of renewable energy, which uses the natural flow of moving water to generate electricity.
Source : https://www.energy.gov/eere/water/hydropower-basics
A typical hydroelectric plant is a system with three parts: a power plant where the electricity is produced, a dam that can be opened or closed to control water flow, and a reservoir where water is stored. The water behind the dam flows through an intake and pushes against blades in a turbine, causing them to turn. The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity.
The amount of electricity that can be generated depends on how far the water drops and how much water moves through the system. The electricity can be transported through long-distance electric lines to homes, factories, and businesses.
Source : https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/hydropower
Example: Amazon’s Wildlife Threatened By Hydropower Dams, Study Says
Source : https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/150701-hydropower-dam-threatens-amazon-wildlife
fr: Hydroélectricité
Impeachment
noun
Impeachment, in common law, a proceeding instituted by a legislative body to address serious misconduct by a public official.
Source : https://www.britannica.com/topic/impeachment
The act of making a formal statement that a public official might be guilty of a serious offence in connection with his or her job, especially in the US.
Source : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/impeachment
impeachment is the Senate's quasi-criminal proceeding instituted to remove a public officer, not the actual act of removal.
Source : https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/impeachment
Example: “The President, Vice President and all Civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.”
Source — U.S. Constitution, Article II, section 4
Trump impeachment : Senate says trial is constitutional and can go ahead
Source : https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-56005458
fr: Mise en accusation
Lawyer
noun
A lawyer is someone who has completed law school and passed the bar exam, you don’t have to practice law in court to be considered a lawyer. Lawyers may take on roles as consultants or advisors. Many choose to practice in a specialized field such as estate law, immigration law, or tax law, where they may give legal advice to clients.
Source : https://onlinemasteroflegalstudies.com/career-guides/become-a-lawyer/attorney-vs-lawyer/
Example: Epstein victim drops her lawsuit against lawyer Alan Dershowitz
Source : https://www.nbcnews.com/news/epstein-victim-drops-lawsuit-lawyer-alan-dershowitz-rcna56250
fr: Avocat.e
Magistrate
noun
Magistrates, also known as Justices of the Peace, are individuals from all walks of life who are passionate about making a difference in their local communities. They volunteer for at least 13 days a year, plus training, to hear a variety of cases in our courts. Magistrates sit in the Magistrates’ courts, dealing with criminal and civil proceedings, or the Family Court, or both. The role is unpaid and many magistrates are employed alongside their role.
Source : https://www.judiciary.uk/about-the-judiciary/who-are-the-judiciary/magistrates/
Example: Oxford stabbing: Teenager appear before magistrates after boy, 14, stabbed
Source : https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-61825982
fr: Magistrat.e
Outsourcing
noun
The process of paying to have part of a company's work done by another company.
A situation in which a company employs another organization to do some of its work, rather than using its own employees to do it
Source : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/outsourcing
Companies today can outsource a number of tasks or services. They often outsource information technology services, including programming and application development, as well as technical support. They frequently outsource customer service and call service functions. They can outsource other types of work as well, including manufacturing processes, human resources tasks and financial functions such as bookkeeping and payroll processing. Companies can outsource entire divisions, such as its entire IT department, or just parts of a particular department.
Source : https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/outsourcing
Example: Call Center Outsourcing: Pros, Cons & Best Practices
Source : https://www.forbes.com/advisor/business/call-center-outsourcing/
fr: Externalisation
Prosecutor
noun
A legal representative who officially accuses someone of committing a crime by bringing a case against that person in a court of law
Source : https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/prosecutor
Government official charged with bringing defendants in criminal cases to justice in the name of the state. Although responsibilities vary from one jurisdiction to another, many prosecutors are in charge of all phases of a criminal proceeding, from investigation by the police through trial and beyond to all levels of appeal. Many also defend the state in civil actions.
https://www.britannica.com/topic/prosecutor
Example: European Chief Prosecutor Laura Kövesi speaks at the Bundestag
Source : https://www.eppo.europa.eu/en/news/european-chief-prosecutor-laura-kovesi-speaks-bundestag
fr: Procureur.e
Renewable energy
noun
Renewable energy comes from the Earth's natural resources – sunlight, wind, waves, the tides and geothermal heat from deep within our planet. It has two great advantages: unlike oil, coal and gas, it will never run out, and it's clean – it doesn't pollute the planet or cause dangerous climate change. It is versatile and adaptable.
Source : https://www.greenpeace.org.uk/challenges/renewable-energy/
Renewable energy is energy derived from natural sources that are replenished at a higher rate than they are consumed. Sunlight and wind, for example, are such sources that are constantly being replenished. Renewable energy sources are plentiful and all around us.
Source : https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy
Example: COP27: Rishi Sunak urges world to move faster on renewable energy
Source : https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63527460
fr: Énergie renouvelable
Solicitor
noun
Member of that branch of the legal profession whose services consist of advising clients, representing them before the lower courts, and preparing cases for barristers to try in the higher courts.
Source : https://www.wordreference.com/definition/solicitor
Solicitors advise clients, undertake negotiations and draft legal documents. (...) They will often work directly with clients, providing them with day-to-day advice on their legal rights and obligations.
Source : https://www.chartlands.org/what-is-the-difference-between-a-barrister-and-solicitor/
Example: Solicitors Ciaran Liddy and Susan Fay have been nominated for appointment to the District Court.
https://www.lawsociety.ie/gazette/top-stories/2022/october/law-society-staff-take-part-in-blackhall-place-fundraiser
fr: Avocat.e
Subcontractor
noun
A subcontractor is a free agent employed on a job-by-job basis when their skills are needed. Usually, these skills are specialized, rather than generalized. Subcontractors are oftentimes self-employed and choose the jobs they wish to take, which can make it difficult to find work when they don’t already have a large network of clients.
Source : https://www.projectmanager.com/blog/subcontractor-management-in-construction
A person or company that does part of a job that another person or company is responsible for
source : https://www.eppo.europa.eu/en/news/european-chief-prosecutor-laura-kovesi-speaks-bundestag
Example: Construction workers' rights violated by subcontractors at Tesla factory site, labor group alleges
Source : https://www.bizjournals.com/austin/news/2022/11/14/tesla-gigafactory-accusations-workers-rights.html
fr: Sous-traitant.e
The greenhouse effect
noun
The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth's surface by “greenhouse gases.” These heat-trapping gases can be thought of as a blanket wrapped around Earth, keeping the planet toastier than it would be without them.
Source : https://climate.nasa.gov/faq/19/what-is-the-greenhouse-effect/
Phenomenon where gases allow sunlight to enter Earth's atmosphere but make it difficult for heat to escape.
Source : https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/greenhouse-effect
Example: UK-built Forum satellite will measure greenhouse effect
Source : https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61970370