not present in a place, at an occasion, or as part of something
Example: Baseline expression of NKG2DL (combined antibody pool against MICA/B, ULBP1, and ULBP2/5/6) by uninfected epithelial cells was nearly absent nor induced in hexon-negative uninfected cells derived from HAdV5-infected intestinal organoids.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. отсутствующий
2. рассеянный
adverse
adjective
preventing success or development; harmful; unfavorable.
Example: At present, effective therapies for HAdV without severe adverse effects are lacking, which emphasizes the clinical need for new treatment strategies.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. неблагоприятный
2. враждебный
alter
verb
make structural changes to
Example: HAdV5 encodes the immune regulatory E3/glycoprotein19K and, like HAdV in general, can persist in tissues by altering the expression of ligands regulating immune recognition by CD8+ T and NK cells.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. изменять
2. менять
assess
verb
evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of
Example: Two recent reports assessing the single-cell landscape of immune cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of COVID-19 patients have suggested that NK cell numbers are increased at this site of infection.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. оценивать
2. облагать налогом
attachment
noun
an extra part or extension that is or can be attached to something to perform a particular function
Example: The long-term culture of 3D organoids in suspension has been shown to affect their polarity, which may have consequences for viral attachment and infection.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. привязанность
2. присоединение
attenuate
verb
reduce the virulence of (a pathogenic organism), especially when preparing a vaccine
Example: Human NK cells have also been shown to rapidly respond during the acute phase of infections in humans with hantavirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, influenza A virus (IAV), and dengue virus, as well as after vaccination with live-attenuated yellow fever.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. ослаблять
2. смягчать
3. истощать
capacity
noun
the maximum amount that something can contain or produce.
Example: NK cells not only have the capacity to directly target and kill infected cells but also can influence adaptive T cell responses.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. мощность
2. емкость
chemokine
noun
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.
Example: The present in-depth phenotypic assessment of NK cells in moderate and severe COVID-19 patients revealed an activated phenotype with up-regulated levels of effector molecules and chemokines, activating receptors, and nutrient receptors.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. хемокин
comprehensive
adjective
complete; including all or nearly all elements or aspects of something
Example: Together, the results provide a comprehensive map of the landscape of NK cell responses in SARS-CoV-2–infected COVID-19 patients at early stages of disease and yield insights into host responses toward viral infections and associated disease pathology.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. всесторонний
2. исчерпывающий
confer
verb
grant or bestow (a title, degree, benefit, or right)
Example: Vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV) confers protection from subsequent infection through immunological memory that is traditionally considered the domain of the adaptive immune system.
R. S. Wijaya et al., “HBV vaccination and HBV infection induces HBV-specific natural killer cell memory,” Gut, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 357–369, Feb. 2021.
ru: 1. присваивать
2. даровать
convalescent
adjective
(of a person) recovering from an illness or operation
Example: Whereas emerging reports suggest that protective immunity is formed in convalescent patients with both neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2–specific T cells, considerably less is known about early innate lymphocyte responses toward the SARS-CoV-2 infection and how they relate to host responses and disease progression.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. выздоравливающий
2. поправляющийся
conventional
adjective
based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed
Example: The absent expression of NKG2DL on epithelial cells in organoids at baseline, followed by significant de novo induction by HAdV5 infection, demonstrated the advantage of the primary cell–based 3D intestinal organoid system to study virus-induced NK cell receptor ligand expression over the conventional use of cell lines.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. обычный
2. традиционный
disrupt
verb
interrupt (an event, activity, or process) by causing a disturbance or problem.
Example: However, complete organoids freshly isolated from Matrigel and thereby presenting the basolateral side during a 1-hour infection incubation in suspension also showed lower infections compared with disrupted organoids presenting both apical and basolateral side.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. разрушать
2. срывать
ensue
verb
happen or occur afterward or as a result
Example: High levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and an ensuing cytokine storm in the absence of appropriate type I and III interferon responses associate with severe COVID-19 disease.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. следовать
2. вытекать
evasion
noun
the action of evading something
Example: HAdV species C, which includes type 5 (HAdV5), is the most frequently identified HAdV species after allo-HSCT because of effective immune evasion and persistence.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. уклонение
2. бегство
exposure
noun
the revelation of an identity or fact, especially one that is concealed or likely to arouse disapproval
Example: Host immunity is traditionally divided into the innate immune system, which responds rapidly and non-specifically to pathogens, and the antigen-specific adaptive immune system, which generates immunological memory following antigen exposure.
R. S. Wijaya et al., “HBV vaccination and HBV infection induces HBV-specific natural killer cell memory,” Gut, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 357–369, Feb. 2021.
ru: 1. экспозиция
2. подвергание
failure
the neglect or omission of expected or required action
Example: In the setting of pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT), HAdV reactivation can be a life-threatening disease, characterized by intestinal inflammation, hepatitis, and respiratory failure, resulting in 8 to 26% mortality.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: недостаточность
flip
verb
move, push, or throw (something) with a sudden sharp movement.
Example: Visualization of the apical side of 3D organoids by antibody staining of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) showed that organoids cultured in suspension flipped and presented their apical side compared with organoids cultured in Matrigel.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. резко упасть
2. внезапно сдвинуться
fulminant
adjective
(of a disease or symptom) severe and sudden in onset.
Example: Evidence for a direct role of NK cells in protection against viral infections comes from patients with selective NK cell deficiencies, as these develop fulminant viral infections, predominantly with herpes viruses.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. молниеносный
2. скоротечный
immortalized
verb
confer enduring fame upon.
Example: Studies using immortalized cells showed that E3/glycoprotein19K can bind and retain HLA class I molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby preventing presentation of viral peptides and killing of infected cells by CD8+ T cells.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. увековеченный
2. вечный
immunocompromised
adjective
having an impaired immune system.
Example: In particular, children and immunocompromised individuals are at risk of developing serious HAdV complications.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: с ослабленным иммунитетом
lumen
noun
the central cavity of a tubular or other hollow structure in an organism or cell
Example: Thus, the human intestinal epithelium provides several populations of target cells that can be infected by HAdV5 from the lumen as well as from the lamina propria
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. люмен
2. полость клетки
persistence
noun
firm or obstinate continuance in a course of action in spite of difficulty or opposition.
Example: HAdV species C, which includes type 5 (HAdV5), is the most frequently identified HAdV species after allo-HSCT because of effective immune evasion and persistence.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. упорство
2. настойчивость
recapitulate
verb
summarize and state again the main points of
Example: Furthermore, homogeneous cell lines do not recapitulate the cellular heterogeneity characteristic for physiological tissues.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. резюмировать
2. повторять
resemble
verb
have qualities or features, especially those of appearance, in common with (someone or something); look or seem like
Example: A heterocellular system that resembles the composition of the human intestinal epithelium was obtained by adapting medium conditions to allow cellular differentiation, and organoids were further grown without scaffold to enable contact between organoids and virions in medium.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. походить на
2. иметь сходство
reside
verb
have one's permanent home in a particular place
Example: HAdV reactivation, on the other hand, is believed to originate from viruses in latently infected lymphocytes residing in the intestinal lamina propria that infect intestinal epithelial cells from the basolateral side, resulting in high viral load in stool and diarrhea as early clinical manifestations of severe HAdV reactivation.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: 1. проживать
2. находиться
skewing
verb
suddenly change direction or position.
Example: Because of their malignant transformation, cell lines based on immortalized cells have an altered baseline expression profile of immune ligands for T and NK cells, affecting immune recognition and skewing potential results from infection experiments compared with events in primary cells in vivo.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.
ru: перекос
soluble
adjective
(of a substance) able to be dissolved, especially in water.
Example: These systemic immune changes were linked to a soluble factor protein interaction network displaying a canonical viral activation signature and distinct signaling pathways.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. растворимый
2. разрешимый
transient
noun
1.a person who is staying or working in a place for only a short time.
2.a momentary variation in current, voltage, or frequency.
Example: Transiently reduced NK cell numbers during the acute phase of infections have also been shown in SARS-CoV-1 infection and in acute hantavirus infection.
C. Maucourant et al., “Natural killer cell immunotypes related to COVID-19 disease severity,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 5, no. 50, p. 6832, 2020.
ru: 1. временный жилец
2. временное явление
variability
noun
lack of consistency or fixed pattern; liability to vary or change.
Example: Upon recognition of infected cells, the combined signaling downstream of activating and inhibitory receptors, which are subject to genetic variability, regulates NK cell responses.
J. M. Jung et al., “KIR3DS1 directs NK cell-mediated protection against human adenovirus infections,” Sci. Immunol., vol. 6, no. 63, 2021.