A specific occurrence or matter requiring discussion, decision, or investigation, as by officials or law-enforcement authorities.
Example: Incest represents ultimate moral debasement of a society, but in this case it is not of the most abhorrent sort - that between the parent and the child - but between the more distant half brother and sister.
en: cas
Common law
noun
The part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent rather than statutes.
Example: Finally, the landlord has no right under a FBT to claim for dilapidation at the end of agreement but if property is in serious state of disrepair they are able to claim compensation through common law.
en: loi commune
condemn
verb
To pronounce to be guilty; sentence to punishment.
Example: Just as an animal must eat if it wants to live, so a society, if it wants to continue to exist, must condemn murder in order to maintain stability.
en: condamner
conditional liberation
Conditional liberation is a mechanism whereby convicts who have shown evidence of social regeneration while in prison may be conditionally released prior to their official release date.
Example: Revocation of conditional liberation and consequent re-incarceration may result from notorious bad conduct, another conviction, or failure to adhere to the conditions enunciated in the decision of conditional liberation.
en: libération conditionnelle
contract
noun
A written or spoken agreement, especially one concerning employment, sales, or tenancy, that is intended to be enforceable by law.
Example: Since alcohol is an addictive substance the treatment of alcohol abuse will almost always begin with a detox program during which the patient will very often be asked to sign a contract agreeing that's he will not drink for an agreed period whilst undergoing treatment (Kennedy & Faugier 1989).
en: contrat
court
noun
A judicial tribunal duly constituted for the hearing and determination of cases.
Example: Some parents of these children took education authorities to court to prevent their children being labelled as 'retarded' (Fancher, 1985).
en: tribunal
criminal record
noun
A history of being convicted for crime.
Example: This is a necessity when analyzing a suspected motorists blood sample for drugs as the results may have serious consequences of the penalties for driving whilst under the influence of drugs are the same as that for drink-driving and the offence will be put on individuals criminal record and could affect the rest of their lives.
en: dossier criminel
criminology
noun
The scientific study of crime and criminals.
Example: I would definitely recommend this book to students studying legal psychology as well as criminology.
en: criminologie
felony
noun
A crime, typically one involving violence, regarded as more serious than a misdemeanor, and usually punishable by imprisonment for more than one year or by death.
Example: Whether this is fair labeling or not is a matter of opinion, although many believe that accomplices should not receive such harsh penalties as the primary parties who actually committed the felony.
en: crime
homicide
noun
The killing of one human being by another.
Example: It was also alleged that the detective particularly wished for Mayes to be convicted in order to provide information on an unrelated homicide.
en: homicide
incarceration
noun
The act of incarcerating, or putting in prison or another enclosure.
Example: It is accentuated by massive poverty, inadequate housing facilities or shelter homes for battered women, lack of legal awareness, fear of racist treatment by the legal system to black men and fear of incarceration, fear of deportation for illegal migrants and lack of multi-lingual support services, etc.
en: incarcération
inmate
noun
A person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital.
Example: The woman had accompanied a friend who was visiting her boyfriend when she met the inmate she would marry.
en: détenu
jail
noun
A place for the confinement of people accused or convicted of a crime.
Example: There are more black men in jail in the US than there are enrolled in higher education.
en: prison
law
noun
The system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties.
Example: It is reasonable to assume that each individual firm will set to the minimum required by law, and a wage sufficient to encourage worker exertion, that is, to meet the NSC.
en: loi
misdemeanor
noun
A criminal offense defined as less serious than a felony.
Example: Freundel was charged with six counts of voyeurism, a misdemeanor, and has surrendered his passport while awaiting trial.
en: délit
offender
noun
A person who commits an illegal act.
Example: Research conducted by Mayhew, Elliot and Dowds shows the decision to report a crime depends upon a whole range of factors, such as the place where it was perpetrated, the identity of the offender, and, whether it was thought appropriate for the police (Elsmore, 1998).
en: délinquant
penology
noun
The study of the punishment of crime and of prison management.
Example: There are experts who write on penology, and I read them as well.
en: pénologie
pledge
noun
A solemn promise or agreement to do or refrain from doing something.
Example: Amongst the priorities identified in these initiatives is an explicit pledge to reduce health inequalities and improve poor health, particularly in the elderly.
en: engagement
probation
noun
A method of dealing with offenders, especially young people guilty of minor crimes or first offenses, by allowing them to go at large under supervision of a probation officer.
Example: He pleads guilty in a plea deal and was punished only with five years of probation.
en: probation
recidivism
noun
The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.
Example: Violent criminals in America have shockingly high rates of recidivism.
en: récidive
rehabilitation
verb
To restore to a condition of good health, ability to work, or the like.
Example: However, to accept this is to overlook the positive consequences of punishment; deterrence, incapacitation and rehabilitation are three empirically verified consequences of state enforced punishment.
en: réhabilitation
rights
noun
A moral or legal entitlement to have or obtain something or to act in a certain way.
Example: The manual defines individuals with this disorder as having a tendency to repeatedly break the law without regarding the feelings and rights of people who may become victims of their crimes.
en: droits
social psychology
noun
The branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.
Example: Aware of this, the positivists take the view of the behaviorism school of thought, which is restrained to the observable behaviour, captured by the senses, thus discarding emotions, beliefs, values etc In response to this view, that rejects abstract and invisible factors affecting human behaviour, the phenomenological separated psychology into cognitive psychology and social psychology.
en: psychologie sociale
trial
noun
The determination of a person's guilt or innocence by due process of law.
Example: Many culprits put on trial at the end of the war used the chief defence that they had been following orders from somebody above.
