Academic English

50 New words from articles terms

Abundantly
Acquisition
The learning or developing of a skill, habit, or quality.
Example: TOF Series Explorer (Sciex) and Data Explorer (Sciex) software were used for data acquisition and processing, respectively.
ru: Сбор, приобретение
Adhere
Example: Nitrocellulose is used as an electrostatic substrate that helps to adhere tissue onto the surface of the slide.
Adolescents
(of a young person) in the process of developing from a child into an adult.
Example: It is also relevant that a large percentage of adolescents residing in western countries consume low quantities of LCn-3 fatty acids in their habitual diet, and lower LCn-3 fatty acid intake by adolescents is associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms
ru: Подросток
Aforementioned
Denoting a thing or person previously mentioned.
Example: This application is better suited for a “rule-in” rather than “rule-out” approach due to the aforementioned poor ionization of certain lipid species, or ion suppression from readily-ionized molecules such as PC species in positive ion mode
ru: Вышеупомянутый
Anterior
nearer the front, especially situated in the front of the body or nearer to the head.
Example: Here we sought to investigate whether postmortem brain fatty acids within the anterior cingulate cortex (BA-24) varied according to the presence of major depression at the time of death.
ru: Передний
Assess
Evaluate or estimate the nature, ability, or quality of.
Example: Mass peaks were assessed for consistent detection (>80%) in scans from all 21 tissue blocks.
ru: Оценивать
Burden
A load, typically a heavy one.
Example: Nearly a quarter (23%) of the global burden of death and illness has been attributed to people over 60 years (Prince et al., 2015).
ru: Бремя, груз
Caution
Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes.
Example: In any case, the few significant results that we found should be interpreted with caution, given the high false positive risk associated with the large number of tests conducted without adjustment for multiple comparisons.
ru: Осторожность
Cingulate cortex
a long strip of cerebral cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere in the prefrontal lobe.
Example: Here we sought to investigate whether postmortem brain fatty acids within the anterior cingulate cortex (BA-24) varied according to the presence of major depression at the time of death.
ru: Поясная кора
Cleave
Split or sever (something), especially along a natural line or grain.
Example: In contrast, NAE which are cleaved from NAPE by phospholipase D (PLD) serve complex signal transduction functions.
ru: Расколоть
Clotting
The process in which blood changes into a solid state to form a thick mass or lump
Example: EPA’s ability to decrease blood clotting was considered to be an important mechanism of action explaining the observation that subjects from Greenland who consumed high intakes of fish had lower levels of cardiovascular death than a Danish comparator group.
ru: Свёртывание
Collision
An instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another.
Example: Negative ESI MS2 spectra for NAPS 52:1 at a collision energy of 10 (upper plot) and at 25 (lower plot) in human frontal cortex lipid extracts.
ru: Столкновение
Conjugate
Coupled, connected, or related.
Example: Previously, metabolites of various chemical species, including amino acids, sugars, organic acids, lipids, flavonoids, and their conjugates, were characterized and mapped on M. truncatula roots and nodules using the conventional matrix, DHB, applied manually with an airbrush.
ru: Сопряженный
Consistency
Conformity in the application of something, typically that which is necessary for the sake of logic, accuracy, or fairness.
Example: Among other instrumental parameters, such as raster step size, laser beam diameter, etc., spatial resolution and reproducibility of results are also limited by the matrix crystal size and application consistency.
ru: Последовательность
Crustacean
Example: Previous work used the well-established airbrush application as described above to map metabolites in root nodules and neuropeptides in crustacean tissue with MALDI-MSI.
ru: Ракообразные
Deciphering
Сonvert (a text written in code, or a coded signal) into normal language.
Example: Metabolomics is a growing field with many important biological applications including biomarker discovery, deciphering metabolic pathways in plants and other biological systems, and toxicology profiling.
ru: Расшифровка
Decline
Politely refuse (an invitation or offer).
Example: Aging is known to be inversely correlated with DHA and AA levels in the orbitofrontal cortex, and declines in their levels were compensated for by increased monounsaturated fatty acid concentrations.
ru: Отклонять
Diminished
made smaller or less.
Example: Taken together, decreases in 22:6(n-3) may be caused, at least in part, by the diminished formation of 20:5(n-3), which is derived from 20:4(n-3) through a Delta5 desaturase reaction.
ru: Уменьшенный
Discrepancy
A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts
Example: This discrepancy can presumably be explained by the disease stage (early vs. late stage) or brain region (peripheral tissue vs. brain for fatty acid analysis).
ru: Несоответствие
Edge
Example: Pipette 40 µl liquid nitrocellulose in a straight line onto the surface of the ITO slide near its short edge.
Elucidate
Make (something) clear; explain.
Example: Further studies are needed to elucidate the neuropathology of schizophrenia in relation to fatty acid metabolism.
ru: Рязъяснить
Elucidate
Make (something) clear; explain.
Example: Analysis of consistently detected mass peaks elucidated intrasubject differences in lipid expression between NAWM and pvWMHs for 31 lipid ion species.
ru: Разъяснять
Embedded
(of an object) fixed firmly and deeply in a surrounding mass; implanted.
Example: However, the use of MALDI IMS has been previously been limited by the need for non-embedded, non-fixed, fresh-frozen samples
ru: Встроенный
Emphasis
Special importance, value, or prominence given to something.
Example: Early studies on the metabolism of EPA suggested its importance in competing with arachidonic acid (ARA; 20:4n-6) for the production of eicosanoids, with a special emphasis on its ability to produce a shift in important clotting factors via a shift from ARA-derived thromboxane, prostacyclin and prostaglandin E2, to those derived from EPA.
ru: Акцент
Excessive
More than is necessary, normal, or desirable; immoderate.
Example: In this regard, excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission has been demonstrated to increase levels of NAPE and NAE after ischemia in the rat brain, after ischemia in the mouse brain, with glutamate toxicity in cultured mouse neocortical cells, and in the rat hippocampus with in vivo kainate-induced neuronal injury.
ru: Излишний
Exploiting
Make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource)
Example: Airbrush, automatic sprayer, and sublimation matrix application methods were optimized individually for detection of metabolites in the positive ionization mode exploiting the two most widely used MALDI matrices.
ru: Эксплуатация
Interrogate
Obtain data from (a computer file, database, storage device, or terminal).
Example: Identification of mass peaks was primarily conducted by using experimental m/z values to interrogate the LIPID Metabolites and Pathway Strategies (MAPS) In Silico Structural Database (LMISSD).
ru: Допрашивать
Interrogation
Example: Manual interrogation of positive ion product spectra generated using on-tissue MALDI MSMS revealed the presence of a characteristic PC and SM headgroup fragmen.
Lesion
A region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumour.
Example: pvWMHs represent white matter lesions characterized by regions of myelin and axon rarefaction and as such likely involve changes in lipid composition.
ru: Поражение (тканей)
Mantle
A piece of laboratory equipment used to apply heat to containers, as an alternative to other forms of heated bath.
Example: The procedure reported by Thomas et al. required a temperature of 140 °C, but a drop in temperature was observed as the sublimation apparatus was placed into the heating mantle.
ru: Кожух
Moist
Slightly wet.
Example: ... in which the samples were exposed to a saturated moist atmosphere after sublimation.
ru: Влажный
Nodule
A small swelling or aggregation of cells in the body, especially an abnormal one.
Example: Using the metabolome of Medicago truncatula root and nodule tissue as a model.
ru: Узелок, узелковое утолщение
Perturbation
A deviation of a system, moving object, or process from its regular or normal state or path, caused by an outside influence.
Example: Perturbations in lipid expression have previously been associated with neurological disorders.
ru: Искажение, расстройство
Post-hoc
After the event
Example: Brain pH, which increases during the postmortem hydrolysis process, did differ significantly between the groups, but post-hoc analysis showed no significant differences in pH between any psychiatric disorder and the control group.
ru: Постфактум
Presumably
Used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain.
Example: This discrepancy can presumably be explained by the disease stage (early vs. late stage) or brain region (peripheral tissue vs. brain for fatty acid analysis).
ru: Предположительно
Rarefaction
The lessening of density of tissue, especially of nervous tissue or bone.
Example: pvWMHs represent white matter lesions characterized by regions of myelin and axon rarefaction and as such likely involve changes in lipid composition
ru: Разрежение
Raster
A rectangular pattern of parallel scanning lines followed by the electron beam on a television screen or computer monitor.
Example: Among other instrumental parameters, such as raster step size, laser beam diameter, etc., spatial resolution and reproducibility of results are also limited by the matrix crystal size and application consistency.
ru: Растр
Reveal
Make (previously unknown or secret information) known to others.
Example: Analysis of negative ion scans conducted at m/z 450−1000 revealed differences in expression for 11 of 41 consistently detected ion species.
ru: Раскрывать, показывать
Saliva
Watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands, providing lubrication for chewing and swallowing, and aiding digestion.
Example: Clinical studies have reported increased hydrolysis of serum phospholipids in BD patients, and increased levels of prostaglandins (metabolites of AA) in saliva, cerebrospinal fluid and serum from BD patients, suggesting disturbed whole body and brain AA metabolism.
ru: Слюна
Solely
Not involving anyone or anything else; only.
Example: In the BGM – comprising parts of the thalamus – solely PC was lowered.
ru: Исключительно
State-of-the-art
The most recent stage in the development of a product, incorporating the newest technology, ideas, and features.
Example: In addition, as noted by the STAR trial, and others remission rates are approximately 20%, despite state-of-the-art pharmacological care.
ru: Уровень развития
Stroke
Noun
A sudden disabling attack or loss of consciousness caused by an interruption in the flow of blood to the brain, especially through thrombosis
Example: Periventricular white matter hyperintensities (pvWMHs) are a neurological feature detected with magnetic resonance imaging that are clinically associated with an increased risk of stroke and dementia
ru: Инсульт
Tentative
Not certain or fixed; provisional.
Example: This method for identity assignment often yielded multiple tentative identities that were indistinguishable at MS.
ru: Пробный
Transient
Lasting only for a short time; impermanent.
Example: McNamara et al. (2008b) reported that increasing age was associated with transient elevations in elongase mRNA expression and SCD activity, which might be the same mechanism as that in the case of MDD in the present study.
ru: Преходящий, временный
Ubiquitously
In a way that seems to be everywhere
Example: Gangliosides are ubiquitously expressed lipids that are highly enriched in neural tissues.
ru: Повсеместно
Unambiguously
In a manner that is not open to more than one interpretation.
Example: Fragment to produce these product ions can be unambiguously identified as glycerophospholipids
ru: Однозначно
Viability
Example: In conclusion, we have demonstrated the viability of using MALDI IMS for a broad, untagged approach to lipid detection in archived, formalin-fixed, post-mortem human brain tissue.
Warrant
Justification or authority for an action, belief, or feeling
Example: Future research is warranted to evaluate the association between antipsychotic medications and levels of other fatty acids.
ru: Гарантия, основание
Yield
Produce or provide (a natural, agricultural, or industrial product)
Example: Sublimation matrix deposition yielded high spatial resolution and reproducibility but fewer analytes in the higher m/z range (500−1000 m/z).
ru: Давать, производить