Dictionary contains different words from my field of research
absence
noun
an occasion or period of being away from a place or person.
Example: Indeed, high levels of IL-6 and an ensuing cytokine storm in the absence of appropriate type I and III interferon responses associate with severe COVID-19 disease
ru: 1. отсутствие
2. недостаток
acute
adjective
1. acute (of an unpleasant or unwelcome situation or phenomenon) present or experienced to a severe or intense degree.
2. having or showing a perceptive understanding or insight; shrewd.
Example: SARS-CoV-2 can cause COVID-19 disease, which in the worst cases leads to severe manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and death
ru: 1. острый
2. проницательный
3. резкий
advantage
noun
a condition or circumstance that puts one in a favourable or superior position.
Example: Genetically modified NK cells can provide several key advantages over engineered T cells as therapeutic agents.
ru: 1. преимущество
2. плюс
affect
verb
have an effect on; make a difference to.
Example: Telomere loss negatively affects the proliferative capacity of the cells via genome-wide epigenetic changes in the chromatin and associated modulation of transcriptional activity in key regulatory circuits.
ru: 1. влиять
2. воздействовать
antigen
noun
a toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body, especially the production of antibodies.
Example: These differences are mediated by antigenic receptors, which consist of germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors in the case of the innate response, and antigen specific receptors generated by receptor gene rearrangements on T and B cells that drive immunological memory
ru: антиген
cancer
noun
a disease in which some of the body's cells grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body
Example: NK cells are the first line of defense against viruses and malignant cells, and their natural
functionality makes these cells a promising candidate for cancer cell therapy.
ru: рак, карцинома, бедствие, бич
challenges
noun
1. A call to someone to participate in a competitive situation or fight to decide who is superior in terms of ability or strength.
2. A call to prove or justify something.
Example: The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is presenting the human population with profound challenges.
ru: вызовы
consider
verb
think carefully about (something), typically before making a decision.
Example: Due to their high cytotoxic potential and natural ability to recognize tumors through a wide spectrum of receptors, NK cells can be considered as a promising candidate cell type for cancer immunotherapy
ru: 1. рассматривать
2. учитывать
constitute
verb
be (a part) of a whole.
Example: Natural killer (NK) cells constitute the first line of defense against viruses and tumors.
ru: 1. составлять
2. образовывать
decipher
verb
convert (a text written in code, or a coded signal) into normal language.
Example: Understanding innate immune responses in COVID-19 is important to decipher mechanisms of host
responses and interpret disease pathogenesis.
Example: In contrast, antigen specificity has only recently been described in non-human models.
ru: 1. описывать
2. охарактеризовать
disease
noun
a disorder of structure or function in a human, animal, or plant, especially one that produces specific symptoms or that affects a specific location and is not simply a direct result of physical injury.
Example: Understanding innate immune responses in COVID-19 is important to decipher mechanisms of host
responses and interpret disease pathogenesis
ru: 1. болезнь
2. заболевание
display
verb
put (something) in a prominent place in order that it may readily be seen.
Example: Natural killer (NK) cells are primary effectors of the innate immune system that can display both trained and antigenspecific immunity.
ru: 1. показывать
2. демонстрировать
divide
verb
1. separate or be separated into parts.
2. disagree or cause to disagree.
Example: Host immunity is traditionally divided into the innate immune system, which responds rapidly and non-specifically to pathogens, and the antigenspecific adaptive immune system, which generates immunological memory following antigen exposure
ru: 1. делить
2. разделять
Evidence
noun
the available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid.
Example: Evidence for a direct role of NK cells in protection against viral infections comes from patients with selective NK cell deficiencies, as these develop fulminant viral infections, predominantly with herpes viruses
ru: Свидетельство
expand
verb
become or make larger or more extensive.
Example: The inability to expand beyond naturally modest total cell numbers curtails the maximum-achievable dose of the cells during ex vivo engineering and expansion while decreasing the longevity of adoptively transferred engineered NK cells in patients.
ru: 1. расширять
2. расширяться
inherent
adjective
existing in something as a permanent, essential, or characteristic attribute.
Example: Several inherent properties of NK cells restrict their use incancer immunotherapy
ru: 1. присущий
2. неотъемлемый
investigate
verb
carry out a systematic or formal inquiry to discover and examine the facts of (an incident, allegation, etc.) so as to establish the truth.
Example: To investigate the antigen specificity of the mNK response, we examined the NK response to moDCs pulsed with vaccine/ matched antigen (HBsAg-pulsed moDCs) or non-vaccine/ mismatched antigen (HBcAg-pulsed moDCs).
ru: 1. расследовать
2. исследовать
lead to
verb
1. cause (a person or animal) to go with one by holding them by the hand, a halter, a rope, etc. while moving forward.
2. be a route or means of access to a particular place or in a particular direction.
Example: SARS-CoV-2 can cause COVID-19 disease, which in the worst cases leads to severe manifestations such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ failure, and death
ru: Привести к
Numerous
adjective
great in number; many.
Example: Numerous studies targeted enhancing NK cell expansion and engineering them genetically, striving to improve their desired functional characteristics.
ru: Многочисленные
overcome
verb
succeed in dealing with (a problem or difficulty).
ru: 1. преодолевать
2. побороть
pandemic
noun
an outbreak of a pandemic disease
Example: The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is presenting the human population with profound challenges.
ru: Пандемия
particular
adjective
used to single out an individual member of a specified group or class.
Example: In particular, NK cells have rather limited capability to expand both in vitro and in vivo, with an estimated half-life of major NK subsets in humans to be less than ten days
ru: 1. особый
2. частный
pathogenic
adjective
(of a bacterium, virus, or other microorganism) causing disease.
Example: The innate immune system can also adapt its function following pathogenic challenge, to enforce non-specific protection from reinfection.
ru: 1. патогенный
2. болезнетворный
recognize
verb
identify (someone or something) from having encountered them before; know again.
Example: They recognize altered and infected cells with a reduced surface expression of MHC I, and cells with increased expression of stress molecules and pathogen-associated molecular patterns via a set of activating and inhibiting receptors
ru: 1. распознавать
2. признавать
remain
verb
continue to exist, especially after other similar people or things have ceased to do so.
Example: In humans, a memory-like NK cell response remains undefined but could have potential utility in cell-mediated therapies targeting cancers, viral infections or for improving vaccine responses.
ru: 1. оставаться
2. продержаться
significant
adjective
sufficiently great or important to be worthy of attention; noteworthy.
Example: Consistent with these results, significant NK cell mediated lysis of HBsAg-pulsed moDCs was measured in vaccinated subjects, compared with HBcAg-pulsed moDCs
ru: 1. значительный
2. существенный
stimulation
noun
encouragement of something to make it develop or become more active.
Example: Preactivation of NK cells using cytokine stimulation or vaccination can stimulate trained immunity in humans that leads to enhanced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) production following subsequent stimulation. In contrast, antigen specificity has only recently been described in non-human models.
ru: 1. стимуляция
2. возбуждение
suggest
verb
1. put forward for consideration.
2. cause one to think that (something) exists or is the case.
Example: Whereas emerging reports suggest that protective immunity is formed in convalescent patients with both neutralizing antibodies and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, considerably less is known about early innate lymphocyte responses toward the SARS-CoV-2 infection and how they relate to host responses and disease progression.
ru: 1. предлагать
2. говорить о
transduction
noun
the transfer of genetic material from one microorganism to another by a viral agent
Example: However, retroviral transduction of NK cells is typically difficult and less efficient in comparison to the other cells of hematopoietic lineage.