Kirill Malakhov

60 Biomedical Optics terms

[1] Emmanuel Gerelli, Georges A Wagnières, Jaroslava Joniova, Stimulation of the oxygen consumption by photobiomodulation in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane during hypoxia, Translational Biophotonics, 2(1-2), 2020, doi: 10.1002/tbio.201900025 [2] Elina Genina et al, Integrated effects of fractional laser microablation and sonophoresis on skin immersion optical clearing in vivo, Journal of Biophotonics 13(7), 2020, doi: 10.1002/jbio.202000101 [3] I.N. Dolganova et al., Capability of physically reasonable OCT-based differentiation between intact brain tissues, human brain gliomas of different WHO grades, and glioma model 101.8 from rats, Biomedical Optics Express 11(11), 2020, doi: 10.1364/BOE.409692 [4] M. Zellweger et al, Optical Characterization of an Intra-Arterial Light and Drug Delivery System for Photodynamic Therapy of Atherosclerotic Plaque, Appl. Sci. 10, 4304, 2020, doi:10.3390/app10124304

Ablation
The surgical removal of body tissue
Example: Some studies have reported certain drawbacks (skin photosensitivity; long DLIs; heterogenous illumination leading to irregular effects, plaque stabilization instead of ablation or prevention of restenosis; use of PDT for vascular treatments limited to invasive procedures; limited use for acute events; long illumination times sometimes incompatible with clinical and physiological realities), but local PS delivery and homogenous intra-arterial illumination often allow for circumventing them [4]
en: Абляции
According to the obtained results
Example: In case of gliomas of Grade I and Grade II, according to the obtained results, tumorous and intact tissues have different properties, and even the analysed values of cortex can be distinguished from those of low-grade gliomas [3]
en: В соответствии с полученными результатами
As discussed above
Example: As discussed above, this is probably due to the placement of the fiber probe next to densely vascularized locations of the CAM (vein or artery), where the mtpO2 never reached values close to zero due to the blood flow which sustained a constant delivery of oxygen in the CAM, even if the egg was in hypoxia [1]
en: Как обсуждалось ранее
As opposed
Example: Generally, radial/cylindrical diffusers offer an interesting way to deliver intravascular illumination for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and regional atherosclerosis, especially for plaque stabilization, as opposed to plaque ablation [4]
en: В отличие от
As previously reported
Example: As previously reported in the literature, the vast majority of the PPIX luminescence is of mitochondrial origin at this time interval after ALA [1]
en: Как сообщалось ранее
Atherosclerosis
Thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery
Example: Generally, radial/cylindrical diffusers offer an interesting way to deliver intravascular illumination for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and regional atherosclerosis, especially for plaque stabilization, as opposed to plaque ablation [4]
en: Атеросклероз
Beyond the scope of our study
Example: Note, the estimation of the boundaries between distribution of different tissue types is beyond the scope of our study, therefore the simple criterion of two classes differentiation was applied [3]
en: За рамками нашего исследования
Can be caused by
Example: This effect can be caused by an increase in the body's response to the effective delivery of OCA directly into the dermis and US massage, which led to an increase in the influx of water from the deeper layers of the dermis [2]
en: Может быть вызвано
Catheter
A flexible tube inserted through a narrow opening into a body cavity, particularly the bladder, for removing fluid
Example: This article describes the optical properties of a light and drug delivery system (catheter and light diffuser) suitable for intra-arterial PDT by using a planar imaging goniometer to measure the full radiance longitudinal and angular profiles at the surface of the diffuser at 652 nm [4]
en: Катетер
Challenging problem
Example: However, the distinguishing between human glioma and normal cortex tissues is a challenging problem, though in animal models such differences are often observed [3]
en: Сложная проблема
Collimated source
A collimated beam of light or other electromagnetic radiation has parallel rays, and therefore will spread minimally as it propagates
Example: This means that, for a Lambertian source, the decrease in fluence rate in tissues starts close to the vessel surface, whereas for a collimated source, this decrease starts up to 1 mm underneath this surface, i.e., when most photons have been scattered, thus impacting any possible PDT effect [4]
en: Коллимированный источник
Coronary syndrome
A range of conditions associated with sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart
Example: Generally, radial/cylindrical diffusers offer an interesting way to deliver intravascular illumination for the treatment of acute coronary syndromes and regional atherosclerosis, especially for plaque stabilization, as opposed to plaque ablation [4]
en: Коронарный синдром
Diffusion approximation
Technique in which a complicated and analytically intractable stochastic process is replaced by an appropriate diffusion process
Example: Since their absorption is much smaller than their scattering in the blood vessel wall or in the surrounding tissues, the fluence rate can be calculated using the diffusion approximation, as proposed by Ishimaru [4]
en: Диффузное приближение
Dosimetry
Measurement of radiation exposure from x-rays, gamma rays, or other types of radiation used in the treatment or detection of diseases
Example: The results show that the system emits almost Lambertian and “top hat” profiles, an interesting feature to determine the light dosimetry in the many vascular applications of PDT (photodynamic therapy) [4]
en: Дозиметрия
Due to the constraints
Example: Due to the constrains of our experimental setup, the fiber used to probe the mtpO2 (probed surface area: about 1 mm^2) had to be placed in the air-tight chamber in the center hole of the optical window [1]
en: Из-за ограничений
Essential differences
Example: The essential differences of the analysed parameters for rat and human glioblastoma tissues were observed [3]
en: Существенные различия
Fiber
Thin transparent filaments of glass or plastic that are enclosed by material of a lower index of refraction and that transmit light throughout their length by internal reflections
Example: As small (core diameters in the several hundreds of µm) optical fibers are usually used in these applications to deliver up to several hundreds of mW of light following an endovascular route, the natural choice is to use laser sources as light emitters [4]
en: Волокно (оптическое)
Fluence rate
The number of particles crossing per unit time (which is numerically equal to the product of number of particles and their average speed)
Example: However, apart from the general principles underpinning the method, which are unchanged from organ to organ, the technical aspects of the treatment can vary greatly (including, but not limited to, choice of photosensitizer (PS), light dose and fluence rate, drug-light interval (DLI), PS dose and administration mode, and excitation wavelength) [4]
en: Энергетический поток
Fluorescence
The emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
Example: Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX), produced endogenously after administration of aminolevulinic acid, was used to probe the oxygen partial pressure (pO2) in the CAM by time-resolved spectroscopy of its delayed fluorescence [1]
en: Флуоресценция
For this aim
Example: For this aim different organic solvents are often used [2]
en: Для этой цели
Goniometer
An instrument for the precise measurement of angles, especially one used to measure the angles between the faces of crystals
Example: This article describes the optical properties of a light and drug delivery system (catheter and light diffuser) suitable for intra-arterial PDT by using a planar imaging goniometer to measure the full radiance longitudinal and angular profiles at the surface of the diffuser at 652 nm [4]
en: Гониометр
Illumination
The total luminous flux incident on a surface, per unit area
Example: Some studies have reported certain drawbacks (skin photosensitivity; long DLIs; heterogenous illumination leading to irregular effects, plaque stabilization instead of ablation or prevention of restenosis; use of PDT for vascular treatments limited to invasive procedures; limited use for acute events; long illumination times sometimes incompatible with clinical and physiological realities), but local PS delivery and homogenous intra-arterial illumination often allow for circumventing them [4]
en: Освещенность
In a similar way
Example: In a similar way, angles close to 90 and 270 were inaccessible to the line of sight of the camera due to emission being [4]
en: Аналогичным образом
In agreement with
Example: Interestingly, the action spectrum reported by Vos et al. is in agreement with the CcO absorption spectroscopy measured in the NIR by Mason et al. [1]
en: В согласии с
In brief
Example: In brief, this set-up uses a planar goniometer (arm length: 60 cm) to measure the angular and spatial values of the radiance at the surface of cylindrical light diffusers along two axes with a filtered scientific imaging camera [4]
en: Вкратце
In order to estimate
Example: In order to estimate the relative distributions of the observed values between different tissue types, a statistical analysis was applied, i.e. some kind of a linear discriminant analysis [3]
en: Чтобы оценить
In spite of
Example: The radiance imaging setup used for this purpose is of great interest since, in spite of the concern potentially associated with a limited control of light distribution profile compared to what is expected, few light delivery systems are optically characterized in great detail [1]
en: Несмотря на
Intensity
The luminous or radiant power per unit solid angle
Example: It should be noted, however, that the nature of this coupling as well as the laser beam specifications have an important influence on the spatial and angular distributions of the intensity emitted by light distributors that are not equipped with mode scramblers [4]
en: Интенсивность
Intimal hyperplasia
An abnormal accumulation of cells in the vascular tunica intima; the cell number is increased because of proliferation and/or migration of vascular wall cells, predominantly smooth muscle cells, often in response to a traumatic stimulus
Example: This also results in a comparatively deeper light penetration into tissues, and limits the possible side effects associated with intimal hyperplasia or thrombosis [4]
en: Гиперплазия интимы
Invasive
Medical procedures involving the introduction of instruments or other objects into the body or body cavities.
Example: Some studies have reported certain drawbacks (skin photosensitivity; long DLIs; heterogenous illumination leading to irregular effects, plaque stabilization instead of ablation or prevention of restenosis; use of PDT for vascular treatments limited to invasive procedures; limited use for acute events; long illumination times sometimes incompatible with clinical and physiological realities), but local PS delivery and homogenous intra-arterial illumination often allow for circumventing them [4]
en: Инвазивный
Isotropic
An object or substance having a physical property which has the same value when measured in different directions
Example: Importantly, if the illumination is not Lambertian, light propagation in tissues becomes only isotropic at depths larger than 1/µs’ (where µs’ is the reduced scattering coefficient) [4]
en: Изотропный
It is fitted with
Example: It is fitted (for visual support only) with a theoretical Lambertian profile (red dotted line) [4]
en: Он оснащен
Lambertian emission
Light emission where the radiance towards an observer is independent of the viewing direction
Example: This second effect is particularly marked if the light emission (brightness) at the surface of the diffuser is not Lambertian (i.e., is backward- or forward-peaked), as described in detail and illustrated [4]
en: Излучение Ламберта
Lesion
A region in an organ or tissue which has suffered damage through injury or disease, such as a wound, ulcer, abscess, or tumour
Example: In all instances, the goal is to achieve a controlled and as homogenous as possible fluence rate in the lesion without temperature increase in order to maximize the photodynamic effects whilst avoiding possibly deleterious side effects (thermal or otherwise) [4]
en: Поражение, повреждение
Light diffuser
Any material that diffuses or scatters light in some manner to transmit the light that tends to "wrap" around objects, projecting diffused shadows with soft edges
Example: This article describes the optical properties of a light and drug delivery system (catheter and light diffuser) suitable for intra-arterial PDT by using a planar imaging goniometer to measure the full radiance longitudinal and angular profiles at the surface of the diffuser at 652 nm [4]
en: Световой диффузор
Likely to be
Example: Inhibiting sequentially each complex of the OXPHOS chain indicated that CcO is likely to be the key complex responsible for the PBM effects, an observation that is consistent with the hypothesis mentioned above [1]
en: Вероятнее всего будет
Much attention should be paid to
Example: Therefore, much attention should be paid to the conditions of measured samples [3]
en: Большое внимание следует уделить
Near-infrared radiation
The region of wavelengths that is closest to the radiation detectable by the human eye (750-1300 nm). This type of radiation is emitted by any object that has a temperature (i.e. radiates heat)
Example: Photobiomodulation (PBM), also called low-level laser therapy, is based on the administration of “low” light doses and/or irradiances, in most cases in the near-infrared (NIR) range (600-900 nm), to treat a large number of different conditions [1]
en: Ближнее инфракрасное излучение
Optical clearing agent
A chemical substance or compound that enchances penetration depth of an optical radiation in a matter, mostly, biological tissue
Example: Overcoming the natural skin barrier for transepidermal delivery of immersion optical clearing agents (OCAs) attracts great attention of researchers [2]
en: Оптические просветляющие вещества
Parameters originated from
Example: These facts even more extend the initial dispersion of measured parameters originated from the natural variance of tissue properties [3]
en: Параметры возникшие из
Photobiomodulation
A form of light therapy that utilizes red or near-infrared radiation to stimulate, heal, regenerate, and protect biological tissue that has either been injured or is at risk of dying.
Example: Photobiomodulation (PBM), also called low-level laser therapy, is based on the administration of “low” light doses and/or irradiances, in most cases in the nearinfrared (NIR) range (600-900 nm), to treat a large number of different conditions [1]
en: Лазеротерапия
Photodynamic therapy
A form of phototherapy involving light and a photosensitizing chemical substance, used in conjunction with molecular oxygen to elicit cell death (phototoxicity)
Example: Although the versatility of photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well established, the technical aspects of light delivery systems vary significantly depending on the targeted organ [4]
en: Фотодинамическая терапия
Photosensitizer
Molecules which absorb light (hν) and transfer the energy from the incident light into another nearby molecule
Example: However, apart from the general principles underpinning the method, which are unchanged from organ to organ, the technical aspects of the treatment can vary greatly (including, but not limited to, choice of photosensitizer (PS), light dose and fluence rate, drug-light interval (DLI), PS dose and administration mode, and excitation wavelength) [4]
en: Фотосенсибилизатор
Plaque
A sticky deposit on an biological organ (teeth, blood vessel) in which bacteria proliferate
Example: This is the case for arterial applications of PDT, which have recently regained attention for plaque progression prevention [4]
en: Бляшка
Problem faced by
Example: Indeed, one critical problem faced by the conventional fully goniometer-based setups is in relation with their pointing stability while measuring the angular distribution of the radiance emitted by a “small” surface element of the distributor [4]
en: Проблема, с которой сталкиваются
Radiance
The flux of radiation emitted per unit solid angle in a given direction by a unit area of a source
Example: This article describes the optical properties of a light and drug delivery system (catheter and light diffuser) suitable for intra-arterial PDT by using a planar imaging goniometer to measure the full radiance longitudinal and angular profiles at the surface of the diffuser at 652 nm [4]
en: Энергетическая яркость
Restenosis
The recurrence of stenosis, a narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to restricted blood flow
Example: Some studies have reported certain drawbacks (skin photosensitivity; long DLIs; heterogenous illumination leading to irregular effects, plaque stabilization instead of ablation or prevention of restenosis; use of PDT for vascular treatments limited to invasive procedures; limited use for acute events; long illumination times sometimes incompatible with clinical and physiological realities), but local PS delivery and homogenous intra-arterial illumination often allow for circumventing them [4]
en: Рестеноз
Something is accompanied with
Example: This problem is accompanied with a strong infiltrative character of such tumors as glioma, the infiltrative region of which can not be imaged by the intraoperative MRI and fluorescent-guided metabolic navigation using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in case of low-grade glial tumors [3]
en: Что-то сопровождается
Something is of great interest
Example: The radiance imaging setup used for this purpose is of great interest since, in spite of the concern potentially associated with a limited control of light distribution profile compared to what is expected, few light delivery systems are optically characterized in great detail [4]
en: Что-то представляет большой интерес
Sterility
Failing to bear or incapable of producing living germs or microorganisms
Example: One such aspect pertains to light delivery, which is crucially impacted by the geometry, access and sterility properties of the target location [4]
en: Стерильность
Strong variance of properties
Example: Thus, due to strong variance of properties, the distinguishing of Grade IV from intact tissues using OCT analysis seems to be uncertain, which is confirmed by relatively high values of errors shown in Table 3 [3]
en: Сильная вариативность свойств
The overall objective of the exploration
Example: The overall objective of the exploration was to fully characterize the angular distribution of the radiance at the surface of light distributors along two directions, in order to better master the desired therapeutic results [1]
en: Общая цель исследования
This study aimed at
Example: This study aimed at exploring concepts often overlooked in the context of PDT, in particular in intravascular PDT, namely the accurate and complete description of the light delivery to the target tissue by the light distributor [4]
en: Это исследование нацелено
Thrombosis
Formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system
Example: This also results in a comparatively deeper light penetration into tissues, and limits the possible side effects associated with intimal hyperplasia or thrombosis [4]
en: Тромбоз
Time-resolved spectroscopy
Study of dynamic processes in materials or chemical compounds by means of spectroscopic techniques in which a spectrum is obtained at a series of time intervals after excitation of the sample
Example: Since the lifetime of the Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) triplet state is very sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), this parameter can be measured by time-resolved spectroscopy of the PPIX delayed fluorescence (DF) [1]
en: Спектроскопия с временным разрешением
To achieve the sought-after results
Example: Overall, these results show that this system displays optimal illumination and dosimetry properties to achieve the sought-after results [4]
en: Чтобы достичь желаемых результатов
To be of high interest
To be of high interest
Example: Protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is of high interest for such measurements [1]
en: Представлять большой интерес
To be worth noting
Example: It is worth noting that photobiomodulation (PBM) seems to generate effects directly in this organelle [1]
en: Стоит отметить
To master something
Example: The overall objective of the exploration was to fully characterize the angular distribution of the radiance at the surface of light distributors along two directions, in order to better master the desired therapeutic results [4]
en: Освоить что-то
Vast majority
Example: As previously reported in the literature, the vast majority of the PPIX luminescence is of mitochondrial origin at this time interval after ALA administration [1]
en: Подавляющее большинство