Terms which I am going to use in my scientific articles writing.
Aggregation
noun
The formation of a number of things into a cluster.
Example: Aggregation and growth result in attaching two particles and growth of these nanoparticles, respectively.
ru: Аггрегация
Alternating magnetic field
noun
It is a field whose amplitude varies in time.
Example: Magnetic hyperthermia is based on the injection of magnetic particles into the tumor, followed by exposure to an alternating magnetic field (AMF).
ru: Переменное магнитное поле
Apoptosis
noun
The process of programmed cell death.
Example: The second way (HT itself) is performed as relatively long heating of organ parts to 43− 45 ◦C, causing the death of tumor cells by induction of apoptosis.
ru: Апоптоз
Biocompatible
adjective
(Especially of material used in surgical implants) not harmful or toxic to living tissue.
Example: A large number of functionalized biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles have been proposed, which can be used for hyperthermia and
other biomedical applications.
ru: Биосовместимый
Brezovich criterion
noun
The product of the amplitude of the magnetic field strength by the frequency should not exceed ~ 5 × 10^8 A / (m × s)
Example: Today, there are devices approved for clinical use, in which an alternating magnetic field is generated with parameters that exceed the Brezovich criterion by almost 2 times.
ru: Критерий Брезовича
Brown relaxation
noun
Brown relaxation is due to the rotational diffusion of the whole particle in the carrier liquid
Example: Brown relaxation mechanism is relevant for larger particles.
ru: Релаксация Брауна
Cargo
noun
The substance which is carried in a delivery system (for example, drug delivery system)
Example: It is worth to point out, that thicker PLA layers will delay the cargo release at all tested pH due to longer degradation times required to open the microchamber, similar to polyelectrolyte multilayer based systems
ru: Груз
Coalescence
noun
The joining or merging of elements to form one mass or whole.
Example: Precipitation and surface morphology is the result of several mechanisms, namely, nucleation, molecular growth and secondary processes such as aggregation/ coalescence and breakage of particles and the driving force for production of nanoparticles is supersaturation.
ru: Сращивание
Colloid
noun
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles are suspended throughout another substance. Particles in a colloid range from 1-1,000 nm. Colloids are able to scatter light.
Example: The purified colloid was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 15 min to remove large aggregates.
ru: Коллоид
Controlled-release
adjective + noun
Released or activated at predetermined intervals or gradually over a period of time.
Example: We additionally show the possibility of pH-controlled release kinetics of PLA microchambers.
ru: Контролируемый выпуск
Coprecipitation
noun
Coprecipitation is the carrying down by a precipitate of substances normally soluble under the conditions employed.
Example: Iron oxide nanoparticles were obtained by coprecipitation of iron (II, III) chlorides (at a molar ratio of 1:2) in an alkaline medium.
ru: Соосаждение
Cytotoxic
adjective
Toxic to living cells.
Example: The human fibroblasts' uptake of the microcapsules and cytotoxic effect upon the influence of alternating magnetic field (AMF) while magnetic capsules are inside the cells is under study in this work.
ru: Цитотоксический
Degradation
noun
The act or process of damaging or ruining something.
Example: In this article we investigate the pH degradation speed and time of PLA as well as PLA based microchambers for cargo release.
ru: Деградация
Deionized water
Deionized water is water purified from impurity ions.
Example: In a typical reaction 100 mL of deionized (DI) water was added in to a 2200 mL conical glass vessel (reactor) equipped with four axial blade propellers with a 2ʺ pitch.
ru: Деионизованная вода
Diffractometer
noun
A diffractometer is a measuring instrument for analyzing the structure of a material from the scattering pattern produced when a beam of radiation or particles (such as X-rays or neutrons) interacts with it.
Example: The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns for all the samples based on their crystal structure of the nanoparticles are recorded using Cu Kα radiation on a Rigaku Ru2000 rotating anode diffractometer.
ru: Дифрактометр
Encapsulation
noun
The action of enclosing something in or as if in a capsule.
Example: Other composite systems able to encapsulate small molecules required 1000 bilayers, resulting in preparation times on the time scale of weeks
ru: Инкапсуляция
Fibroblasts
noun
Fibroblasts are skin cells that synthesize collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid and other important components responsible for skin firmness and elasticity.
Example: Thus, it was shown that fibroblasts more actively capture particles coated with hyaluronic acid.
ru: Фибробласты
Flocculant
noun
Flocculants, or flocculating agents (also known as flocking agents), are chemicals that promote flocculation by causing colloids and other suspended particles in liquids to aggregate, forming a floc.
Example: These iron oxides find applications as catalysts, sorbents, pigments, flocculants, coatings, gas sensors, wastewater treatment, and for
lubrication.
ru: Флокулянт
Fluorescence
noun
The property of absorbing light of short wavelength and emitting light of longer wavelength.
Example: Fluorescent intensities of Rhodamine-B concentration were measured by fluorescence spectroscopy
ru: Флуоресценция
Hematite
noun
Hematite is a widespread iron mineral Fe₂O₃, one of the most important iron ores.
Example: Based on the magnetic properties of iron oxide crystals, three main phases are well known for their higher magnetic strength with magnetite being on top of the list followed by maghemite and hematite.[
ru: Гематит
Heterogeneous
adjective
Diverse in character or content.
Example: The reaction between iron (II), Iron (III) chlorides and ammonium hydroxide is heterogeneous.
ru: Неоднородный, гетерогенный
Maghemite
noun
Maghemite is a mineral, magnetic modification of iron oxide γ-Fe₂O₃. It has the same spinel ferrite structure as magnetite and is also ferrimagnetic.
Example: However, maghemite eventually is converted to magnetite by the end of the reaction, thereby enhancing the magnetic strength of the nanoparticles.
ru: Маггемит
Magnetic hyperthermia
noun
The conversion of heat from magnetic nanoparticles via magnetic energy loss in the presence of an external alternating magnetic field
Example: Magnetic hyperthermia is a perspective tool to treat the tumor while the magnetic material is delivered.
ru: Магнитная гипертермия
Magnetic resonance imaging
noun
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a medical imaging technique that uses a magnetic field and computer-generated radio waves to create detailed images of the organs and tissues in your body.
Example: Production of metallic nanoparticles and using them for their superparamagnetic properties are quite common in therapeutic and diagnostic applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).[
ru: Магнитно-резонансная томография
Magnetization
noun
Magnetization is the vector field that expresses the density of permanent or induced magnetic dipole moments in a magnetic material.
Example: The lower value of magnetization for nanoparticles, as a rule, is due to cationic redistribution, surface and size effects.
ru: Намагниченность
Magnetometer
Magnetometer is instrument for measuring the strength and sometimes the direction of magnetic fields, including those on or near the Earth and in space.
Example: Magnetization saturation for all the samples are reported as a full magnetization curve of nanoparticles, examined using a vibrating sample magnetometer.
ru: Магнетометр
Microcapsule
noun
The micro-sized capsule used to contain drugs, dyes, or other substances and render them temporarily inactive.
Example: In this work, we propose polyelectrolyte microcapsules modified with iron oxide nanoparticles as an approach to tie magnetic materials in high concentrations locally.
ru: Микрокапсула
Microchamber
noun
The arrey of hollow structured polymer microcontainers sealed with eachother with a polymer film
Example: Fluorescence microscopic observations prove efficient loading of cargo into the microchambers
ru: Микрочембер
Mignetite
noun
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe3O4. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself.
Example: These applications make magnetite super magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide, and there is a need for development and modification of such synthesis processes with least operational cost.
ru: Магнетит
Morphology
noun
A particular form, shape, or structure.
Example: Changes in morphology of these nanoparticles at different intervals of the reaction are reported by transmission electron microscope.
ru: Морфология
MTT test
noun
MTT test - a colorimetric test to assess the metabolic activity of cells.
Example: Thereafter, an MTT test was carried out to determine cell viability.
ru: МТТ-тест
Nanoparticle
noun
An isolated solid-phase object with a clearly defined border with the environment, the size of which in all three dimensions ranges from 1 to 100 nm.
Example: In order to do that, one has to reach a substantial local accumulation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and/or magnetically sensitive objects with advanced heat properties.
ru: Наночастица
Néel relaxation
noun
Néel relaxation is caused by the reorientation of the magnetization vector inside the magnetic core against an energy barrier.
Example: Neel relaxation is dominant for particles less than 10 nm.
ru: Релаксация Нееля
Neutralization
noun
In chemistry, neutralization or neutralisation (see spelling differences) is a chemical reaction in which acid and a base react quantitatively with each other.
Example: Neutralization reaction starts as soon as the freshly prepared 1 L solution of 9 M NH4OH was added gradually into the reactor at a flow rate of 100 mL/min.
ru: Нейтрализация
Nucleation
noun
Nucleation is the initial process that occurs in the formation of a crystal from a solution, a liquid, or a vapor, in which a small number of ions, atoms, or molecules become arranged in a pattern characteristic of a crystalline solid, forming a site upon which additional particles are deposited as the crystal grows.
Example: Precipitation and surface morphology is the result of several mechanisms, namely, nucleation, molecular growth and secondary processes such as aggregation/ coalescence and breakage of particles and the driving force for production of nanoparticles is supersaturation.
ru: Нуклеация
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)
noun
Sodium phosphate buffer is a buffer solution used in biological research. It is an aqueous solution of salts containing sodium chloride, sodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride and potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Osmolarity and ion concentrations in solution usually correspond to those in the human body.
Example: After that, cells were washed three times with PBS to remove unincorporated particles.
ru: Натрий-фосфатный буфер
Polymer
noun
Any of a class of natural or synthetic substances composed of very large molecules, called macromolecules, that are multiples of simpler chemical units called monomers
Example: Out of afore mentioned polymer types, PLA is the most suitable for biomedical applications, due to PLA’s physical and chemical properties.
ru: Полимер
Precursor
noun
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
Example: The iron precursor solution was prepared by mixing 21.2 g (0.106 mol) FeCl2.4H2O and 57.42 g (0.212 mol) FeCl3.6H2O into DI water and temperature of the system was maintained at 60°C.
ru: Прекурсор
Raman microscope
noun
Raman spectroscopy can be used for microscopic analysis, with a spatial resolution in the order of 0.5-1 µm. Such analysis is possible using a Raman microscope.
Example: The structural properties are also investigated using a Raman microscope, Renishaw (Gloucestershire, UK), in the range of 100–2000 cm−1.
ru: Рамановский микроскоп
Scanning electron microscope
noun
It is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
Example: To study the morphology of PLA microchambers under a range of conditions, scanning electron microscope (SEM) technique was used
ru: Сканирующая электронная микроскопия
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
noun
Scanning electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which an image is created by detecting reflected or knocked-off electrons.
Example: The size and morphology of the polyelectrolyte microcapsules were explored using scanning electron microscopy
ru: Сканирующая электронная микроскопия
Spectrophotometer
noun
A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of photons (the intensity of light) absorbed after it passes through sample solution.
Example: The FTIR spectra were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer 100 spectrophotometer (Waltham, MA, USA) over the range of 400–3000 cm−1 under standard operating conditions.
ru: Спектрофотометр
Supersaturation
noun
Supersaturation occurs with a chemical solution when the concentration of a solute exceeds the concentration specified by the value equilibrium solubility.
Example: Therefore, the bulk solution is supersaturated as soon as a precipitating agent is dropped into the reactor.
ru: Перенасыщение
Suspension
noun
A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture in which the solute particles do not dissolve, but get suspended throughout the bulk of the solvent, left floating around freely in the medium. Particles in a suspension are usually more than 1,000. Suspensions cannot transmit light.
Example: The suspension was stirred on a shaker at 1600 rpm for 15 min, then precipitated by centrifugation and washed 3 times with deionized water to remove unadsorbed polymer.
ru: Суспензия
Thermal ablation
noun
Thermal ablation is a type of procedure that uses heat, cold, microwave and electrical currents to vaporize (ablate) cancer cells and tumors
Example: All methods of local HT can be divided into two large groups - hyperthermia ablation and HT itself. In the first case, the pathological process zone is heated to more than 50 ◦C, which leads to protein denaturation and total cell death by necrosis.
ru: Термальная абляция
Thermocouple
noun
A thermocouple is a temperature sensor that transmits an electrical voltage depending on temperature.
Example: The temperature of the samples was measured using a thermocouple sensor and a Seek Thermal Compact PRO thermal imaging camera (USA)
ru: Термопара
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
noun
Transmission electron microscopy is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
Example: Also, morphological characteristics of MNPs were studied using a transmission electron microscopy.
ru: Просвечивающая электронная микроскопия
X-ray diffraction
noun
X-ray structural analysis is one of the diffraction methods for studying the structure of a substance. This method is based on the phenomenon of X-ray diffraction on a three-dimensional crystal lattice.
Example: A new method for the identification and quantification of magnetite–maghemite mixture using conventional X-ray diffraction technique was proposed.
ru: Рентгеновская дифракция
Zeta potential
noun
Zeta potential is the charge that develops at the interface between a solid surface and its liquid medium.
Example: Therefore, Zeta potential of nanoparticles is measured for all the samples, and it is relatively high (−29.6 mV) from the start of the reaction
ru: Зета-потенциал
Zetasizer
noun
Zetasizer systems are used to analyze particle size and zeta potential
Example: Zeta potential and particle size are measured using a Zetasizer Nano ZS apparatus
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